◇单元学习笔记◇
unit 16 grade 1
1. catch fire the house caught fire when they were away. 在他们外出时房子着火了。she was standing to close to the fireplace and her dress caught fire. 她站得离壁炉太近了，衣服烧着了。
2. on fire on fire / catch fire 都是“着火”的意思，不过catch fire强调动作，on fire强调状态，如：look! the house is on fire.
3. look out look out！（当心、小心），比take care! 或be careful! 语气要强，往往用于某种紧急情况或可能出现危险的场合。look out! there’s danger in the forest. 后还可接for短语：look out for the rock in the water. 当心水里的石头。
4. put out 灭火 they tried their best to put out the fire. 常用被动语态：the forest fire was put out soon. 森林大火很快就被扑灭了。注：be out熄灭：the forest fire was out at last.
7. in that case 如果那样 it may rain tomorrow. in that case, you'd better try another day. 明天可能下雨。那你最好改天在试。in that case, you wouldn't have a pan on fire. you'd have a house on fire! 如果是那样的话，那你就不是使一个油锅着火，而会使一座房子失火了！对比：in case 以防（万一），如：take your raincoat in case it rains. 携带雨衣，以防下雨。
8. belong to 属于（无被动语态）。these books belong to the school library. 这些书是校图书馆的。who does this belong to? 这是谁的？he doesn’t feel he belongs here. 他觉得自己是外人。
9. close to close在这儿是形容词，意思是靠近，to是一个介词，后面要加名词，即：close to+宾语。如：there is a bank close to our school.我校附近有家银行。there were so many people in the street watching the fire that firefighters could not get close to the building. 街道上围观大火的人太多了，消防人员无法接近大楼。
10. lose one’s life 失去生命。死（die）还有一种婉转的说法：pass away 去世。the dog saved the boy but lost its own life. 这狗救了这小孩，但却失去了自己的生命。thousands of lives were lost in the earthquake. 在地震中，成千上万的人失去了生命。
1. the smoke from the fire was too thick for them to be able to land on the roof. 火烟太浓，直升飞机无法在楼顶降落。too…to… 太…以至于不能… 如：my brother is too young to dress himself. 弟弟太小了，不会自己穿衣服。这句话还可以用so...that...表达：my brother is so young that he cannot dress himself. 注意不定式前的for：it is too later for him to do anything now.
2. the fire lasted about four hours before the firefighters could control it. 大火持续了大约4小时，消防人员才将火情控制。注意before的用法：①the teacher asked us some questions before he came to the new lesson. 老师先问了wǒ men几个问题，然后才上新课。②the bell rang before i could finish writing the composition. 我还没有写好作文铃就响了。
1. quick, turn the gas off. 快，把煤气关上。掌握几个搭配：turn the tv off. it’s time for bed.该睡觉了，关了电视吧。 turn on the light. 开灯。turn it down, please! it's too noisy. 关小一点，太吵了！turn it up please. i can't hear it clearly. 把声音开大点，我听不清！代词总是放在动词turn和副词之间，而名词即可放在两者中间，也可放在副词后面。
2. you might get burnt and you might drop the pan of burning oil. 你可能被烧伤，你也可能把起火的油锅扔掉。might 表示假设，本句相当于if you tried to carry the pan out of the kitchen, you might get burnt … . get burnt 被烧伤，构成被动语态的助动词一般用be，但有时也可以用get，如： my watch got broken while i was playing basketball. 手表打篮球时摔坏了。he got hurt in the leg when he fell down from the tree. 他从树上掉下来，腿受了伤。
3. break the glass to sound the alarm. 将玻璃打破，让火警器报警。sound an alarm / sound a note of danger发出警报/发出危险信号。这里sound是及物动词“使发声”：the bell is sounded every hour. 那钟每小时响一次。sound还可作不及物动词“听起来”：that music sounds beautiful. 那音乐优美动听。
4. don’t go to your room to collect your things, or you may be trapped by the fire. 不要到住室去取自己的东西，否则你可能被火封堵。collect 收集，如：the teacher walked round the classroom to collect exercise books. (收练习本) electricity fees for this month have not been collected. 本月电费还没有收。
5. perhaps it was started by an electrical fire in the ceiling of one of the offices. 也许这是由于其中一个办公室天花板上的电线漏电发出火花引起的。ceiling和roof的区别很简单：ceiling指的是屋内的天花板，而roof指的是屋外的房顶。如：a light is hanging from the ceiling. 天花板上吊着一盏灯。there's a cat on the roof. 房顶上有一只猫。
6. he was the first to arrive and the last to leave.他总是到的最早，走的最晚。在本句中，不定式用作定语。
the past indefinite and past continuous tense 一般过去时和过去进行时
1. 一般过去时表示在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态，也可表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。when i was a child, i often played football in the street.
2. 过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。as he was reading the newspaper, granny fell asleep在他看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。
3. 应特别注意两个时态的区别：they watched the train until it disappeared. (一般过去时表示watch动作已结束) she was writing a book about china last year but i don’t know whether she has finished it. 过去进行时不表示write动作已结束) i don’t think jim saw me; he was just staring into space. (过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作)
◇单元学习笔记◇
unit 17 grade 1
1. put on performances
演出。 动词词组put on有“上演”“表演”的意思，如：we’ve decided to put the play on again next week. wǒ men决定将在下周再次上演这出戏。 the senior class put on a dance. 高年级表演了一个舞蹈。
2. at present
present前面不能加冠词，要加冠词的话，得用at the present time。如：mr. king is busy at present/now. can he ring you later? 金先生现在很忙，他稍后给你电话，好吗？we are planning for a new experiment at the present time. 现在wǒ men正在计划一项新的试验。
3. year by year
表示每年有所变化时（as each year passes）用year by year，如：i grow taller year by year. 我一年一年的长高了。表示一年年一成不变时（continuously for many years），就要用year after year。对比：the flowers remain the same year after year while people change year by year. 年年岁岁花相似，岁岁年年人不同。
“名词+by+名词”意思是“逐个地”“一个接一个地”，如：they went to the hall one by one.他们一个接一个进入大厅。 these problems should be solved step by step. 这些问题应当逐步解决。
4. one day
one day 作状语，可指过去的某一天（有一天），也可指将来的某一天（总有一天）：one day we visited the nature park near beijing. 一天，wǒ men去参观了北京附近的自然公园。you will know more about the history of the country one day. 将来总有一天你会了解更多的这个国家历史的。
5. one after another
接连地（的），一个接一个地（的）：they came in one after another. 他们一个接一个走了进来。 we have won one victory after another. wǒ men取得一个又一个的胜利。
1. how long will it take you to complete the trip? 你旅行全程需要多长时间？
表达“某人做某事需要多长时间”常用“it takes sb + time + to do sth. ”句型。句中的不定式是真正主语，it 是形式主语。对time提问用how long：
it will take me two weeks to complete the job. 我需要两星期才能完成这项工作。
how long did it take you to learn english so well? 你花了几年多长时间把英语学得这么好？
2. it is hoped that…形式主语结构，真正的主语是that引导的名词从句。it is hoped that they will pass the exam tomorrow. 希望他们能通过明天的考试。 it is hoped that more and more people will eat healthy food. 希望越来越多的人饮食健康。
类似的结构有许多: it is said that…(=somebody says that…)据说… it is believed that… (people believe that…)据信… it is supposed that…(people suppose that...)据认为... it is reported that...(somebody reports that...)据报道...
1. we are trying to collect money for a wildlife project. wǒ men正在设法募集资金搞一个野生动物项目。
collect money 筹集资金：they decided to hold concerts to collect money for the hope project. 他们决定举办音乐会为希望工程筹集资金。还可以用raise money：他们靠演出筹集资金:they raised money by performance.
2. there's a very important chinese deer called the milu deer.有一种非常珍贵的中国鹿，叫做麋鹿。deer, sheep, chinese, japanese等名词单复数同形。如：one deer, two dear, many deer
3. good luck with your trip! 祝你一路顺风（平安）。
good luck to sb with sth! 是分手道别时的交际用语。good luck with your new job. 祝你在新的工作中顺利。明天你朋友要考试了，你可说：good luck tomorrow in the exam. wǒ men还可以说best of luck!
4. the milu deer is a kind of deer that used to be common in china long ago. 很久以前，麋鹿在中国是一种很普通的鹿。wǒ men已学过，used to do 表示过去经常发生，但现在已不再发生的动作。区分：i used to get up at 5 o'clock. 我过去常五点起床。i'm used to getting up at 5 o'clock. 我习惯了早上5：00起床。
5. until recently, the only milu deer alive in the world belonged to the duke of bedford in england. 直至最近，世界上只有英国的贝德福德公爵才有这种活鹿。until recently 直到不久前。until / till是介词，宾语是表示时间的名词或副词。she studied here until last year. 她在这儿学习一直到去年。 until then, no one knew that the kitchen was on fire. 直到那时，没有人知道厨房着火了。
6. alive 活着，只能做表语。你可以说：the deer is alive. 但你不能说: this is an alive deer. 因为alive不能做定语，不过你可以用live。this is a live deer. 在这儿live读做 [laiv]，是形容词。很多以a开始的形容词都只能做表语，如：afraid, alone, asleep, ashamed等。还可做宾语补足语：they caught the monkey alive. 他们活捉了那只猴子。
7. in fact, there are now so many deer that some are being sent to places which would like to return this kind of deer to the wild. 事实上，这种麋鹿的数量已经很多，以致有些麋鹿正被送往那些愿意把它们放回野外去的地方。wild 形容词“野生的，不易驯服的”；名词“荒野”：there are many wild animals in the forests. 森林中有很多野兽。 the village people are planting trees to turn the wild into a beautiful garden. 村民们植树要把荒地变成美丽的花园。
8. by 1993 the number of milu deer at the centre had grown from 20 to more than 200. 到1993年该中心的麋鹿数量已从20只增加到200多只。
介词“by + 时间”意思是“截止…（时间）为止”，谓语动词常用过去完成时：by 1995, china’s population had grown to 1,200,000,000. 到1995年，中国人口已增长至12亿。by the end of last term they had learned more than 50 english lessons.
9. since then the number of milu deer there has greatly increased. 从那时候起，那里的麋鹿数量大大地增加了。 increase可以做及物动词或不及物动词，读做[in'kri:s]。旅行可以增加人们对世界的了解:travel increases one's knowledge of the world. 这些年来人口大大增加了。the population has greatly increased these years. 它还可以做名词用，重音在第一音节，['inkri:s]。人口的增加会引起各种社会问题: the increase of population will cause social problems.
the life of the milu is being studied there. 在那里正进行着对麋鹿生活习性的研究。
more milu deer are being moved to a new large nature park in shishou in hubei province. 更多的麋鹿正被迁往湖北石首县一处新的大型自然公园。
现在进行时的被动语态。它的构成形式是：be (am,is,are) + being + p.p (过去分词)，它表示“某事/某人此时此刻正在被…”，主语是动作的承受者。my bike is being repaired at present. 我的自行车目前正在修理。helicopters are being sent to rescue the trapped people. 正在派直升机去营救被围困的人们。
◇单元学习笔记◇
unit 23 grade 1
1. at breakfast 早餐时；正在吃早饭
he told me this story at breakfast. 他在吃早饭时把这个故事告诉了我。
2. in danger 在危险中
he had a car accident. his life is in great danger. 他出了车祸，生命非常危险。he was not seriously hurt. he is in no danger. 他伤得不重，没有生命危险。
3. date from 始于…/从…就开始有/可追溯到…
这一表达法常用于叙述以前发生的某件事情等情况，如：this church dates from the 13th century. 这是一座早在13世纪就建造起来的教堂。又that dates back to ...：that old bridge dates back to the song period. 那座古桥的历史可以追溯到宋代。一般使用一般现在时。
4. make a good effort 作很大的努力
he made a great effort to help the poor students. 类似词组还有：make efforts努力；make every effort尽一切努力；spare no effort不遗余力；without effort毫不费力地等。
1. they are now at breakfast, talking about the plan for their trip. 他们正在吃早餐，并谈论着旅行计划。
句中talking about the plan for their trip是动词的-ing短语，作状语，表示伴随动作。又如：i was then in bed, thinking of the days in my childhood. 当时我躺在床上，想起了童年的日子。they were on their way to the temple, talking and laughing. 他们说着笑着在去寺庙的路上走着。
2. it was carved in the rock and had on the outside four large stone figures, each of which was 20 metres high. 这座神庙凿在岩石上，外面有4尊大型石雕像，每尊高达20米。
each of which was 20 metres high是一个非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的figures.这种非限制性定语从句的构造是“名词+介词+关系代词”来引导。如：they live in a house, the door of which opens to the north. 他们所住的房子的门是朝北的。china has hundreds of islands, the largest of which is taiwan. 中国有上千个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。there are around 150 teachers in our school, most of whom are women. wǒ men学校大约有150教师，他们中大多数是女教师。
1. the white family are on holiday in egypt. 怀特一家人在埃及度假。集合名词family 指家庭成员时用复数：his family are all music lovers. 他一家人都喜欢音乐。若看成是一个集体时用单数：his family is a big one. 他的家是一个大家庭。
2. i don't feel like walking very much today. 今天我不太想步行。
feel like想做某事情/愿意：i feel like a cup of coffee. 或i would like a cup of coffee. 我想喝杯咖啡。还可以用这个句型表达一种提议：do you feel like having a rest? 注意：would like 只能接名词或不定式 ，但feel like 不能接不定式。
3. it's on the edge of the lake that has been made by the dam. 这座庙座落在由高坝形成的湖边上。
词组on the edge of … 在…的边缘：don’t put the glass on the edge of the table; it might fall off. 憋把玻璃杯放在桌子边上，它会掉下去的。he is on the edge of death.
4. second, electricity can now be made from the water which rushed through the base of the dam. 第二，现在可以利用冲过坝基的急流来发电。
rush 冲、奔：when the bell rang, the children rushed out of the classroom. 铃声一响，孩子们就从教室里冲出来。
5. as a result of the dam, the water level of the lake was going to rise by 63 metres. 大坝建成的后果之一是湖水水位将升高63米。
rise 是一个有多重意思的动词，如：the sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。 he always rises early. 他起床总是很早。 he rose immediately to reply. 他马上站起来回答。prices are rising. 物价在上涨。 the wind is rising. 起风了。介词by可表示增减程度，如：he is older by five years than john. 他比john年长5岁。production fell by about one-third. 生产下降了大约三分之一。we lost the match by one goal. wǒ men以一球输掉了这场比赛。
6. in all, 1700 workers and 200 other people worked on the project. 参与这项工程的工人总计达1700人，还有200名其他人员。
词组work on （从事…）搭配能力很强：work on a new novel 写一本新小说；work on the wall-newspaper出黑板报；work on the project 从事这个工程；work on inventing new machines 致力发明新机器
7. first, each stone was marked with a number. 首先，每块石头都标上号码。
掌握mark的用法：①n. 分数：he got 80 marks for geography. ②v. 评分：the teacher is marking the students’ compositions.③n. 记号、痕迹：who made these dirty marks on my new book? ④v. 作记号、标明：she marked her name on the book. the book was marked with her name. 这本书标有她的姓名。
8. today you can either fly to abu simbel or you can take a boat from across the lake. 今天，你既可坐飞机，也可以从湖对面乘船到达阿布•拜勒神庙。
词组either … or …表示两者择一：put this dictionary either on the shelf or in the desk. 把这部字典放在书架上或放在课桌里。you may come to my office either today or tomorrow. 你可以今天或明天到我办公室来。
介词from后面往往可以再接一个介词短语：a minibus came along from behind me. 一辆中巴从我后面开过来。he took out a pair of dirty socks from under the bed. 他从床底取出一双脏袜子。
non-restrictive attributive clause
非限制性定语从句
the larger of the two islands is britain, which lies to the east of ireland. 两个岛屿中较大的一个是不列颠，它位于爱尔兰的东面。its capital is london, which is also the capital of the uk. 其首府为伦敦，伦敦同时也是联合王国的首都。
非限制性定语从句是对所修饰的词作进一步的说明，通常用逗号与先行词分开，并不对它所修饰的先行词起限定作用，而是作进一步补充说明，也就是说在翻译的时候译成两个句子。如：上星期天我丢了手表，还没找到。last sunday i lost my watch, which is not found yet.
而限定性定语从句则对所修饰的词起限定作用，在句子中至关重要，若去掉了就会造成句子意思模糊。例如：do you know the man who came to see me this morning ? 你认识今天上午来找我的那个人吗？
yesterday i met li ping, who seemed to be very busy. abraham lincoln, who led the united states through these years, was shot on april 14, 1865 at a theatre in washington, d.c. football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.
对比下面两组句子：
1. his brother who is a pla soldier is eighteen years old.
his brother, who is a pla soldier, is eighteen years old.
2. all the books there that have pictures in them were written by him.
all the books there, which have pictures in them, were written by him.
◇单元学习笔记◇
unit 25 grade 1
1. send out 发出，寄出
the sun sends out light and heat. 太阳发出光和热。after he finished writing the invitation, he sent it out to mr james at once. 他写好邀请函后立刻派人给詹姆斯送去。又：send up发射：we sent up another man-made satelite this month. 这个月wǒ men又发射了一颗人造卫星。send for 派人去拿/叫：i'll send for a taxi. 我来派人去叫出租车吧。
2. get through 接通电话；通过；完成
the operator finally got me through. 接线员最后给我接通了。(电话占线,可以表达为：the line is busy. 或 i can't get through.) they have all got through the examination. 他们全都通过了考试。he got through the book last week. 他上周看完了这本书。
3. ring back 回电话
can you tell her to ring me back when she gets home? 她回家时请你叫他给我回个电话，好，吗？（还可说return a call to sb）
4. make up 编造；装扮
make up an excuse 编造借口 it’s a lie; he made up the whole story. 这是谎言，全是他编出来的。she spent an hour making (herself) up before the party. 她在聚会前化妆用了一个小时。
5. out of breath 上气不接下气
when he reached the finish, he was quite out of breath. 到达终点时，他已经上气不接下气了。 we got to the top of the mountain out of breath. wǒ men气喘嘘嘘爬上山顶。
1. would you mind giving a talk today about dna? 你今天可以作一个关于脱氧核糖核酸的报告吗？”
would you mind + doing 是礼貌提出请求的句型“你干某事好吗？”。要特别注意它的回答：表示同意用certainly not或of course not. 表示不同意，用i’m sorry, but …如：--- would you mind lending your new bicycle to me? --- certainly not. 当然可以。--- would you mind waiting for some time? --- i’m afraid not, for i have something important to do right now. 恐怕不行，因为我有重要的时马上要做。
2. if dr baker is in the hall, will he please make himself known to me? 如果贝克博士在这个大厅里，请他给我作个自我介绍，好吗？
make oneself known自我介绍：here are my friends. would you make yourself known to them? 这儿都是我的朋友，你愿意向他们作自我介绍吗？掌握其它几个类似结构: make oneself understood使自己被理解; make oneself heard使自己被听到; make oneself seen 使自己被看到。如: speak louder or you can't make yourself heard. 大声点，否则别人听不到你的声音。the baby always make himself understood by the way of crying. 婴儿总是通过哭来让大人们了解他的需求。
1. can you ring up the bus company? 你能给汽车公司打个电话吗？“给…打电话”有几种说法: call sb. (up) on the telephone; telephone sb. /phone sb.; give sb. a phone call; ring sb. up; give sb. a ring
2. can i take a message? 要不要留个话？message 常和下列动词搭配：take a message 带口信；give a message 传达口信；leave a message 留口信，如：would you like to give a message to him? 请你给他捎个口信，好吗？
3. dr baker replied to the invitation, accepting it. 贝克博士答复了请帖，接受了邀请。reply ①不及物动词：please reply to my question. 请回答我的问题。②及物动词：he replied that he knew nothing about it. 他回答说这件事他一点也不知道。③名词： he made no reply to this question. 对于这个问题他没作回答。
4. he decided to attend the meeting though he was still a bit surprised. 他还是决定出席这个会议。attend 表示“参与、参加”, 和 join / take part in 的区别: join: 加入到某一组织、团体或人群中去，成为其中的一员：join the club 加入俱乐部; take part in: 指参加某一活动: take part in the discussion 参加讨论; attend: 参加或出席会议、聚会、讲座，上课: attend a meeting 参加会议; attend the concert 出席音乐会; attend the lecture听讲座。
5. he wondered why they had invited him. 他纳闷的是，他们为什么邀请他。掌握动词wonder 的两个意思①自问ask oneself：i wonder who he is. 我不知道他是谁。常用来表示请求 i wonder if you could give me a hand? 请问你是否可以帮我一个忙。②惊奇：i wondered to hear her voice in the next room. 我听到隔壁她的声音，十分惊讶。we wonder at the fact that you weren’t killed. 你竟未遇难，令人惊奇。wonder也可作名词: the wonders of modern medicine 现代医学奇迹 no wonder you were late! 难怪你来晚了!
6. i hope very much that he will be able to give a talk on a different subject. 我非常希望他能就另一个不同的课题作个报告。give a talk on… 作关于…的报告：the doctor gave a talk on family health. 那位医生作了关于家庭保健方面的报告。
7. everybody knows that you're an expert on the subject. 大家都知道你是这一课题方面的专家。an expert on … 是…的专家；an expert in/at …表示擅长某技能：his father is an expert on foreign affairs. 他是一个国际事务专家。he is an expert at medicine. 他精通医学。
8. the organizer had put dr p baker's name on the list of speakers, but when the invitation list was being done, someone had made a careless mistake and had written 'dr d baker' instead. 组织者曾将p•贝克博士的名字列入演讲人的名单,但是,在开列请名单时,有人粗心大意弄错了,写成了d•贝克博士。副词instead(替代)常位于句末，汉译时不译出,如：today we won’t have rice for supper; we’ll take noodles instead. 今天晚餐wǒ men不吃米饭，而吃面条。
9. i'm doing research in ent at lincoln college in tennessee. 我正在田纳西州林肯学院从事耳鼻喉方面的研究。do research in/on … 从事研究工作：he has done a lot of research on that subject. 他对那个课题进行了大量的研究。
10. but dr lively was going to talk on that very subject today. 而莱芙莉博士今天要谈的正是这个题目。这句中的very 是形容词，就是、正是，表示强调: this is the very thing i want. 这正是我想要的东西。he is the very man i’m looking for. 他正是我要找的人。
model verbs
you must be joking! 你一定是在开玩笑! you can't be serious! 你不会是认真的吧! that may be so. 那也许是这样。there must be some mistake. 准是出了什么差错。
1. must作“必须、准是、一定”讲，表示wǒ men对某事确有把握的推论或揣测。而另外一个表示推测的词 may/might 就比 must 在语气上要稍弱一些，如：
i always meet him at the street. he must live quite near here. 我总在这条街碰见他，想必他就住在附近。i always meet him at the street. he may/might live quite near here. 我常在这条街碰到他，可能他就住在这附近。
2. must 表示推测只用于肯定句。疑问句、否定句中常用can(can't)。如：can he really be ill? 他真的病了吗？ what do you think this invitation can mean? 你认为这份请柬可能意味着什么呢? she can't be a professor — she's so young. 她不可能是教授 — 她那么年轻。
3. 情态动词 + be doing表示对现在正在发生的动作表示推测；情态动词 + have done表示对过去的推测，如：he might be doing his lessons now. 他也许正在做功课吧。can he really be waiting for us? 他真地在等wǒ men？it must have rained last night. 昨天晚上肯定下雨了。can she have told a lie? 她会说谎吧？
◇单元学习笔记◇ unit 1 grade 1
language tip
so was my friend bob white. 倒装句，结构是“so+助动词/情态动词+主语”。这种结构一般用于接着上句话，so 代替本句和上句中某个相同的成分，意为“…也是，也这样”，如果上句中有be/have/情态动词，so后面仍用它们；如果上句用的是实义动词，则so后面用助动词do的适当形式。如：you can speak english. so can i. / i like pop music. so does my brother. 我喜欢流行音乐,我弟弟也喜欢。he went there. so did her. 这种倒装用法在考试中经常会遇到。★
i must be off now. 这里off的意思是“离开，走掉”，所以这句话相当于i must go/leave now, 也可说i must be leaving now. 若要语气显得更委婉、更有礼貌的话，还可在前面加上 i'm afraid…, 例如：it's too late. i'm afraid i must be off. 恐怕我得走了。又：the next day i was off to new york. 第二天我动身去了纽约。"where are you off to?" he asked.
come on 常用来催促或鼓励别人。意思是：快，赶快，来吧。例如：sing us one song, jane, come on! 来吧，jane, 给wǒ men唱首歌。
introduce 是一个很有用的单词，新学期开始，通过自我介绍 introduce oneself, 才能认识新同学。一般你可以这样开口：may i introduce myself to you? i'm … 介绍两人认识时，常说: introduce a to b, 比如：let me introduce my friend to you. he's tom. may i introduce you to…?我可以把…介绍给你吗？introduce 的名词是 introduction.
vacation意思与holiday相同，表示“假日，休假”，但前者一般用于美国英语，而后者常用于英国英语中。he is on vacation now. 他正在度假。注意：vacation通常没有复数形式，而holiday可以有复数形式，特别是指超过一天的假日。例如：the summer/winter vacation = the summer/winter holidays 暑/寒假
go on doing sth. 是考试中经常出现的句型，类似的词组为: go on to do sth.，两者都是“继续做……”的意思，区别如下：go on doing sth. 强调持续不断地干同样一件事，表示一直在做某事，没有中断或改做其它事；go on to do sth. 表示“（干完某事后）继续干另外一件事”，强调接着做与原来不同的另一件事。如：the students went on talking and laughing all the way.学生们一路上不停地在谈笑。unit one is finished. we'll go on to study unit two next week.第一单元已经学完了，下周wǒ men要接着学第二单元。★
we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. 句中 “by” 意思是借助、通过、用、以等，用以说明手段或方式，翻译起来比较灵活。如：you should learn swimming by swimming. / don’t judge a person by the clothes he wears. 不要根据衣着来判断一个人。★
have sb. doing sth. 是“使某人一直做某事”，have sb. do sth.是“使某人做某事”，请注意不要在do之前画蛇添足地加上to。 have sth. done 从字面上看应该是“使某事被做”，也就是“请人做某事（自己不去做或无法亲自做）”。如：i had him waiting at the gate. 我让他一直在门外等候。i'll have him finish my work. 我将让他替我把工作完成。i had my hair cut. 我请人把我的头发理了。★
employ是及物动词，意为“雇佣，聘请”，后可跟as，表示“雇某人当……”，例如：we employ her as an adviser. wǒ men雇她做顾问。雇佣别人为自己干活的人叫做employer 雇主，而被雇佣的人就是employee雇员，这两个词都是由employ衍化而来。
as a result “因此；结果”，常在上文说明了原因的情况下，用来引导结果，相当于so，例如：he worked hard. as a result, he got a pay rise. 他工作努力，因此得到了加薪。as a result 后面可以加of结构，表示“由于……的结果”，相当于because of，例如：as a result of carelessness, he has made a few mistakes in his examination paper.由于粗心，他在试卷上犯了一些错误。★
too much “太多”，后面跟不可数名词或直接修饰谓语动词。对比：much too, “非常，实在太…”，后面一般跟形容词或副词。如：i've got too much work to do. 我要做的工作太多了。the work is too much for him. 这工作他吃不消。the work is much too hard. 这工作太难了。★
in my opinion，意思是“依我看，在我看来”，近似于i think，i guess ，i feel ，但比它们还要正式一些。如：in my opinion, he is wasting time. 依我看，他在浪费时间。in our opinion, autumn is the best season in beijing. 在wǒ men看来，秋天是北京最好的季节。
ask about “询问，打听”。she asked about his job the other day. 前几天她问过他的工作。
give one's regards to ... 向…问好 please give my kind regards to your parents. 请代我问候你的父母。类似的句子还有：please give my best wishes to your parents. please remember me to your parents. please say hello to your parents. 注意：句中的regard和wish通常用复数形式。regard 用作单数，解释“关心，关怀”：he shows little regard for others.
general 是多义词: ①大体的；笼统的have you got a general idea of what the book is about? ②总的the general manager is asking to see you. ③将军(名词) in which year was general washington born?
dark ①名词 can cats see in the dark? ②形容词 this classroom is too dark to read. 注意：不可说it began to become dark and it was time to go back home. 应说：it began to get dark and it was time to go back home. language recordin this unit i have learned to say in english:
◇单元学习笔记◇ unit 2 grade1
language tip
have been to… 意思是“到过…地方”。如：i have been to london many times. / have you ever been there before? 你以前去过那个地方吗？对比have gone to… 意思是“已到…去了”，如：he has gone to the chemistry lab. ★
first of all，第一，首先。如：first of all i must check the number. 首先我必须检查那号码。注意：at first 解释“开始、起初”：at first he was very shy in school.
allow是“让，允许”的意思: it is not allowed by law. 法律不允许。由allow组成的句型有: allow sb. to do sth.允许某人做某事；allow doing sth. 允许做某事；allow sb. sth. 允许某人某事。如：my parents won't allow me to stay out late. 我的父母不允许我深夜还不回家。we don't allow smoking in public. wǒ men不允许在公共场所吸烟。 he allows his son too much money. 他给他儿子太多的钱。★
once用作连词，相当于from the moment that, when，意思是一旦，一……就……，引导时间（条件）状语从句。注意：once引导的从句不能用将来时，而用一般现在时，例如：once you see the film, you will never forget it. 一旦nǐ kàn了这部电影，你将永远不会忘记。once 作副词，解释“从前;曾经”: he once lived in paris. 又：she went out shopping once a week.（一周一次）
follow one's instruction 按照某人教导。类似结构还有 follow one’s order、follow one’s advice等。follow 还有“跟随”、“沿着”、“听懂”之意：i followed him out. / follow this road until you get to the cinema. / do you follow what i’m saying?
unless = if… not，意思是“除非…，否则…”，但语气要重一些。注意：在unless引导的从句里，动词用一般现在时，不用一般将来时。如: i'll be back tomorrow unless there's a heavy snow. = i'll be back tomorrow if there isn't a heavy snow. 除非下大雪，否则我明天就回来。don't touch anything unless your teacher tells you to. 从句中to是不定式符号，后面省略了动词touch，以避免不必要的重复。作为不定式的符号，to一般是不能省略的。例如：my parents wish me to study medicine in the future, but i don't want to. 我的父母希望我将来学医，但我不想。★
what about…是用来征求对方意见的用语。它的后面可以跟名词、代词、动名词、副词，还可以跟状语从句，可以用来询问消息、提出建议或征求意见。如：what about a cup of coffee? 来杯咖啡怎么样？(征询意见) what about his family? 他的家庭情况怎么样？(询问消息) what about going to france this summer? 夏天到法国去怎么样？(提出建议)
make sure 表示“确定、查明、确保”。后面常接宾语从句或of短语，但通常不接不定式。如：make sure (that) you get enough sleep. 你一定要有足够的睡眠。we've made sure of our seats for the movie. wǒ men已经订好电影院的座位了。接不定式用be sure：be sure to bring a dictionary with you tomorrow. ★
a way of sth./doing sth. 表示 “（做）某事的方式或方法”，如：he had a good way of working out the problem. 他用一种好办法解出了这道题。i don't like his way of living. 我不喜欢他的生活方式。
make + sb./sth. + adj. 结构中，make 的意思是“使…，致使…”，后面形容词作宾语补足语，用来修饰人或事物的性质或所处的状态，所以 make one's classes lively and interesting意思就是“使某人的课生动有趣”。如: the smell of cooking makes me hungry. 烧菜的味道让我感到肚子饿。 make＋名词＋do，表示“让某人做某事”，如: the teacher made her copy the whole text. 老师让她抄写整篇课文。注意：考试中经常会考到的是这个结构的被动语态，此结构变为被动语态时，不定式结构要带to，那么上一句话就变为：she was made to copy the whole text. ★
fill 意思是“填满，装满”，后面常接介词 with，表示“用……装满”，如：fill the hole with sand.也可以用于被动结构中be filled with…, 即“被……装满”。如：she was filled with happiness when she heard the news. 她听到这个消息的时候，心中充满了欣喜。另外还有一个词组是be full of, 也表示“装满了……”。如：the bottle is full of milk. 瓶子里装满了牛奶。★
mix 混合，搅拌。后面常接介词with。例如：oil and water don't mix. (= oil doesn't mix with water.) mix up 意为“混淆，搞混”，例如：i'm afraid i have mixed your names up. mix的名词形式是mixture，意为“混合物”，例如：air is a mixture of gases.
dip 的意思是“蘸，浸”，后面常接介词in/into，例如：i dipped my pen in the ink. 下面一句话是什么意思？ i haven’t read that book properly; i’ve only dipped into it.
you must do everything as i do. 由as引导的从句是方式状语从句。有一句非常有名的西方谚语: when at rome do as the romans do. 入乡随俗，这句话直译应该是：在罗马时，就要像罗马人那样行事。as作“如，像，按照”解。as也可以引导时间状语从句，意思是“当…的时候，随着…”，例如：as time passed, i nearly forgot the thing. 随着时间的流逝，我几乎忘了这件事。as还可以引导原因状语从句，意思是“因为，由于”，例如：as he had no car, he couldn't get there early. 因为他没有车，所以不能早到那儿。★
taste 意思是“品尝”，它可以作及物动词，如：she tasted the soup to see if she had put enough salt in it. 她尝了尝汤，想知道是否放够了盐。taste 在the mixture tasted terrible.句中作系动词，意思是“尝起来”，后接形容词作表语。类似的系动词还有smell, look, sound, feel等等，因为它们都是表示感觉的动词，又叫感官动词。如：he tasted the medicine and found it tasted bad. taste 还可作名词：this fruit has a terrible taste.
instead of 后面跟名词、动名词、代词、形容词或介词短语等等，意思是“代替”，“而不是”。如：i stayed in bed all day instead of going to school. ／ he likes pop songs, instead of classical music. 他喜欢流行歌曲，而不喜欢古典音乐。he went there on foot instead of by bus. 注意：instead 是副词，一般用于句末，后面不再跟其他词，用于否定前面提到的东西，如： yesterday i didn’t go there on foot. i took a bus instead.
◇单元学习笔记◇ unit 3 grade 1
language tip
have some difficulty in doing sth. 表示“做某事有困难”，difficulty在这个结构中是不可数名词，in有时可以省略。如：do you have any difficulty (in) understanding his spoken english? 你听懂他的英语口语有困难吗？做某事毫无困难，可用have no/little difficulty in doing sth 如：i had no difficulty (in) translating the novel. 我翻译那本小说一点困难也没有。difficulty也可以指具体的难事、困境(可数)，比如：he met with a lot of difficulties.他碰到很多困难。★
when do you take your next exams？动词一般现在时可表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作，仅限于少数动词，如begin, get, leave, take, start, go等，如：when does the summer holidays begin? 暑假什么时候开始？the plane takes off at 6:30 p.m. 飞机下午六点三十分起飞。what time does the train leave for shanghai? 开往上海的列车几点钟开车？
pardon? 或beg pardon? 或i beg your pardon? 这三句都表示“请再说一遍”的意思，但注意它们都要使用升调。i beg your pardon. 用降调，意思是“请原谅、请宽恕”。又：please pardon me for not arriving sooner. ★
know 是及物动词，后跟名词或代词，意思是直接知道或了解人和物；know about/of 的意思则是间接了解或听说某人和某物。比较：i have known him for a long time. 我已经认识他多年了。i have known about/of him for a long time. 我早就听说过他的事。
more or less 意思是“或多或少”、“大体上”、“左右”，用于说话者的意见不那么肯定的情况下。it's an hour's journey, more or less. 大约一小时的路程。our working condition has more or less improved. wǒ men的工作条件多少有了一些改善。
however 作副词表示转折，意为“然而，但是”，可放在句中、句首或句末，而且必须用逗号与句子分开，不能直接引导句子。but 和while也是表示转折的词，但这两个词都是连词，用于连接并列分句，but的语气较强烈，while强调两者的对比关系。例如：later, however, he decided to go. 可是后来他决定去了。jim is bad at physics, but he passed the exam. 吉姆物理不好，但是他居然及格了。i like tea while she prefers coffee. 我喜欢喝茶，然而她却喜欢喝咖啡。★
come about意思是“发生”、“造成”，相当于happen和take place，没有被动语态。如：how did this accident come about? 这个事故是怎么发生的呢？ sometimes it is hard to tell how a quarrel comes about. 有时候很难说口角是怎样引起的。
at first, the language stayed the same句中的stay是连系动词，意为“保持（处于）某种状态”，相当于keep, remain, 通常后面跟形容词作表语。比如: she isn't married. she stays single. 她至今未婚，保持单身。the shop stayed open till six o'clock. 这家商店一直营业到六点。they don’t stay long in the same place. 本句中stay是不及物动词，long是副词。
the same as… 和……一样，如：he looks the same as before. 他看上去和以前一样。please meet me at the same place as you did yesterday. 请到你昨天见我的地方来见我。与其对应的词组是 different from…, 和……不同。如：city life is very different from country life. 都市生活和乡村生活是非常不同的。my opinion is different from yours. 我的意见和你的不相同。★
just as后跟一个表示方式的状语从句，作“正如”、“恰似”解。例如：she loved painting just as her mother did. 她喜爱画画，正象她妈妈过去喜欢画画一样。leave everything just as you found it. 让一切东西都保持原状吧。
a great many “许多”，也可以说a good many, 修饰可数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。如：i'm quite busy. i have a great many things to do. 我很忙，我有许多事要做。a great many of them are out of work. 他们中的许多人失业。 ★
and so on 表示“等等”，一般都放在句末，如：they are interested in art and music and so on.
american english has changed over the centuries, too. 几个世纪以来，美国英语也发生了变化。介词over在这里是表示时间的介词，意思是“在…期间”或“直到…过完”。如：i have read lots of english stories over the years.在这几年期间我读了许多英国小说。
reason表示“理由，原因”，后面可接介词for, 也可接why引导的从句，例如：do you know the reason for his anger? 你知道他生气的原因吗？(=do you know the reason why he is angry?)注意句型one of the reasons is that… 这儿的that引导表语从句，that通常不能省略，如：the reason why i was late for class was that i got up late. 我上学迟到的原因是因为我起床晚了。这里千万不要用because来引导表语从句！★
bring in 意思是“带进来”，引申义为“引进”、“赚得”、“有收入”等。例如：they brought in new technology from abroad. 他们引进了国外的新技术。they brought the experienced people in to help. 他们请来有经验的人帮忙。
explain：make sth clear; show the meaning of “解释;说明” i really don't know how to explain it properly. / 对：please explain this sentence to me. 错：please explain me this sentence.
i practised writing chinese characters for homework. 家庭作业我练习了写汉字。动词practise 后面要接动名词，如：we should practise speaking english every day. 名词practice 不可数，如：it takes a lot of practice to be really good at english. 英语要真正学好需要大量的练习。★
◇单元学习笔记◇ unit 4 grade 1
language tip
in a few days' time 此短语中的in是指“过若干时间”、“在……以后”，和将来时一起用，后接时间长度，如：i’ll be back in two hours. 我两个小时之后回来（不可用after）。注意名词的复数后的s’, 如：a ten minutes' rest 十分钟的休息。his birthday is in two weeks’ time. 他生日还有两周的时间。 ★
separate ①形容词，意思是“单独的”、“各自的”: the children sleep in separate beds. ②动词，后面常接介词from，表示“使分开，使分离” : the two friends separated at the crossroads. 两个朋友在十字路口分手了。it is not difficult to separate british english from american english. 区分英国英语和美国英语并不困难。 ★
when are you going off to guangzhou? 用进行时表示将来，通常是一些按计划安排即将发生的动作，这样的动词有 go, come, stay, leave, arrive，start，die等，而且常用表示将来的时间状语。如：i’m leaving for shanghai tomorrow.
see sb. off 的意思是“送某人，给某人送行”，后面如果接代词，则必须放在off前；若后接名词，则既可在off前，也可在off后。如：he went to the station to see his friend off. 他去车站给朋友送行。
take表示“搭、乘（车、船）”，后面可接a taxi/a train/a bus等。如：i took a taxi to the station. 我搭出租车到车站。i'll take the next train to liverpool. 我准备搭下一班火车到利物浦。 let's take the stairs. wǒ men走楼梯吧。 ★
do give her my regards. 助动词do放在动词原形前面，可以用于肯定句或祈使句，表示强调，译作“务必，一定，确实”。例如：do remember the rules of the game! 一定要记住游戏规则！he does speak english well. 他的英语说得确实好。he did tell me that he would come. 他真的告诉过我他要来。★
by train“乘火车”。by表示旅行的方式，后接交通工具。如：he'll take a taxi there.= he'll go there by taxi. 他将乘出租车去那儿。i go to school by bike, but my father goes to his office by car. 我骑车上学，但我爸爸开车上班。注意：by 后面的名词为单数且不用冠词修饰。对比：i go to school on my bike.
say hi/hello to sb. 向某人问候。类似结构还有：向某人告别 say good-bye to sb., 向某人道歉 say sorry to sb.，拒绝我的计划 say no to my plan 等。
the same to you. 是用在听到对方良好祝愿之后的答语，在不同的交际场合表示不同的意义，大致意思就是“你也一样…，同样祝你…”。如：i wish you good luck! 祝你好运！the same to you. 也祝你好运。
guide作名词时表示“向导，导游，指南”，作动词时意思是“为……带路，指引”。如：the visitors need a guide to show them the city. 观光者们需要一位导游领他们游览这座城市。the boy will guide you to the top of the mountain. 这孩子将把你带到山顶。
区别through与across。它们都是介词,作“穿过”讲，through的含义与in有关，表示动作在某物体的空间内进行；across的含义与on有关，表示动作是在某物体的表面进行的。常用的搭配有：through the forest (valley, crowd, window, tunnel) 穿过树林(山谷,人群,窗户,隧道) across the river (plain, desert, sky, sea) 穿过河流(平原,沙漠,天空,海洋) ★
tie…to 意为“把……拴到……上”。如：don't tie the horse to the tree. tie it to the post. 别把马拴到树上，拴到柱子上。the robber tied the owner of the house to a chair. 那个强盗把房主绑在椅子上。★
it is wrong to eat monkeys. “吃猴子是不对的”， 句首的it叫做形式主语，不定式短语to eat monkeys才是真正主语。为了避免头重脚轻，英语中经常用it作形式主语，而真正的主语通常为不定式，-ing形式或从句。如：it is impossible for me to finish so much work in such a short time. 在这么短的时间里完成这么多工作对于我来说是不可能的。it is no use quarrelling with him. 和他争吵没用处。it is necessary that you should speak english in and after class. 在课内外说英语是必需的。 ★
see sb. doing sth. 意思是“看见某人正在做某事”，强调看见某个动作正在进行；see sb. do sth.意为“看见某人做了某事”，强调看见了整个动作的过程，如：i saw him crossing the street now. 我看见他正在过马路。i saw him cross the street. 我看见他过了马路。 ★
play one's guitar 表示“弹吉它”。乐器名词之前常用定冠词the或one’s, 如：play the piano 弹钢琴。而表示球类的名词前则不用，如：play basketball 打篮球。
be about to do sth. 表示“即将要做某事，正要做某事”，常与when连用，是一个固定的句型，意为“正要……这时突然……”，强调即将发生的动作。这里的when相当于and then/and at that time 在那时。如： he is about to start. 他马上就要动身了。i was about to leave when the telephone rang. 我正要出门，就在这时电话响了。 ★
they can eat a person in two minutes, leaving only the bones. 现在分词短语leaving only bones，在这里用作结果状语，也就是说这些鱼能把人吃掉，结果只剩一副骨架啦！又如：his father died, leaving her a lot of money.
take off 起飞，如：the plane took off very smoothly. 飞机很平稳地起飞了。飞机降落用 land，如：the plane landed on the airport safely.
what a sad sight it was! 英语感叹句的句型是：what(a) + 名词 + 主语 + 谓语。当句中的名词是可数名词单数时，what后要加a, 而如果名词是可数名词复数或不可数名词时，则what后不加a，在口语中还常常省略it is。例如：what a lovely day (it is)! 多好的天啊！what silly questions you asked! 你提的问题多傻啊！感叹句还有一个句型：how + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语，那么把文章中的这句话转成这种句型应该是：how sad the sight was! 再如：how beautiful she sang! 她唱得真好！how fast he is running.他跑得真快！ ★
for miles and miles i could see nothing except a great fire and lots of smoke.这里的except也可以用but，表示“除了……之外”。不过跟在 nobody, none, nothing, nowhere等否定词及疑问词who, what之后时多用but; 而在all, every, everybody, everyone, everything 等词后则通常用except。如：i looked everywhere except there. 除了那儿，我哪儿都看了。there’s nothing but a table in the room. 房间里只有一张桌子。nobody but me knows him. 只有我才认识他。★
for miles and miles 是由介词加名词构成的介词短语，在句中作状语用，表示强调。又如：for years and years 一连好几年；for days and days 一连好几天。
they can sell their beef at a high price in the capital. 介词at 后面常接表示花费、比率、程度、水平、年龄、速度等词，可以译作“以，用”。如：at a high price 意思是“以高价”，at a low cost 就是“以低成本”, we drove at high speed. wǒ men以最高的速度开车。the train was traveling at 100 kilometers an hour. 那火车以时速100公里行使。★
move on的意思就是“继续迁移，继续前进”。介词on表示动作的持续，意思是“继续”。例如：they walked on a little way without speaking. 他们朝前走了一段路，彼此都没有说话。he talked on about his travel in the forest. 他继续不停地讲他在森林里的那次旅行。
they move on to a new place every two or three years. 在这里 every + 基数词 + 复数名词，表示“每…，每隔…”，every five days就是每五天。如：take the medicine every four hours 每四个小时吃一次药。they usually come home every two weeks. 他们通常每两星期（每隔一星期）回家一次。另外，wǒ men还可以用 every+序数词+单数名词 来表达同样的意思，所以: every five days 也可写成 every fifth day。又“隔天”是every other day.
destroy 毁灭、毁坏，如：the enemy destroyed the city. 敌人毁坏了这座城市。all the hopes were destroyed.所有的希望都破灭了。
be made from和be made of 之间的区别在于：be made from （由...制成） 制成品已经变得看不出原料了，如课文中的土壤当然不是树叶的样子。be made of 是指从制成品中仍然可以看出原料，例如：the bridge is made of stone. 这座桥是由石头砌成的。the desk is made of wood. 这桌子是木制的。
sight ①情景；风景john enjoyed seeing the sights in new york. ②视力；视野his sight was poor.他的视力很差。you must put it away somewhere out of my sight.你最好把它放在我看不见的地方。
◇单元学习笔记◇ unit 5 grade 1
language tip
表示目的可用to、 in order to、so as to或so that、in order that。①to、in order to、so as to＋动词原形，引导的是目的状语短语 ②so that、in order that引导的是目的状语从句，构成复合句，并且从句中谓语动词常与 can, could, may, might 等情态动词连用。如：he got up early to/in order to/so as to catch the first bus. 他早起为了赶上第一趟车。（注意否定形式：they hurried so as not to/in order not to miss the train.）又：speak clearly so that everybody can understand you. 请说清楚一点，这样每个人都能听懂。the visitors stopped at xi'an in order that they might visit some famous places of interest. 游客们留在西安目的是看一些著名的名胜古迹。注意：in order to、in order that 可放在句首，so as to、so that不可。另外so that还可引导结果状语从句，意为“因此，结果”，如：he was very ill so that he didn’t come to school. / he was so excited that he couldn't speak. 他太激动了以至说不出话来。★
then i'll water them to stop the soil getting too dry. 然后，我还要给它们浇水，以免土壤变得太干燥。stop 在这里作“阻止，拦阻”解，后面可跟-ing短语。如：you must stop her telling the truth. 你必须阻止她说出真相。 还有stop sb from doing结构，如：the rain stopped me from going to school. 大雨使我没能去上学。（另外：keep sb from doing也有阻止某人做某事的意思。） ★
do you have to feed plants like you feed chickens? 你得要像喂小鸡那样去喂幼苗吗？like在这里是作连词，相当于as，意思就是“如同，好像”，连接方式状语从句。不过like的这种用法一般用在口语中，正式的书面语还是用as。如：i failed like you had expected. 就像你预料的那样，我失败了。
feed 既可作及物动词，也可作不及物动词, 意思是“喂养，给…提供食物”，它可以组成的短语有：①feed on 以…为主食：sheep feed on grass. 羊以草为食。②feed sb. on/with sth.或feed sth.to sb. 用…喂养：we feed the cat on fish. wǒ men用鱼喂猫。③feed oneself 自己吃东西。the child is old enough to feed himself. 这孩子大了可以自己吃饭了。又：he fed the tape into the recorder.
it'll make the cabbage plants grow big and h2. 句中make 作“使（做某事）”或“使之成为”解，后跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，即：make sb. do sth. 如：the boss made them work all night. 老板让他们通宵劳动。how can we make the trees grow quicker? wǒ men怎样才能使这些树长得快些呢？注意：上述例句如果改用被动语态，则不定式符号to不能省略。如： they were made to work all night. / how can the trees be made to grow quicker?
the rest are let to grow even taller. 其余的留下来，好让它们长得更加高大。 the rest其余的（人或物），作主语时，谓语动词应根据上下文采用单数或复数形式。如：those books are mine; the rest are yours. 这些书是我的，其它的都是你的。 give me a glass of beer; the rest is yours. 给我一杯啤酒，剩下的是你的。因此the rest作主语时，若指代的是复数名词，谓语动词用复数；若指代的是单数名词或不可数名词则谓语动词用单数。 ★
in the past 意思是“在过去”，与一般过去时连用。如：there was no tv set in a family in the past. 过去家里没有电视机。但是in the past + 时间 可以和现在完成时连用, 如：great changes have taken place in china in the past twenty years. 在过去的二十年里，中国发生了巨大的变化。（这里的past还可以用last来代替） ★
拿，带 可译为take, bring, carry，fetch 但意思各有不同：carry (= hold sth. and move with it)是不表明运动方向的“携带，拿，提”；take (= carry to another place or go with it)意思是“带走，带领”，指携带人或物离去；bring (= carry towards; come carrying sth. or with sb.)是“拿来（带来）某人（物）”。fetch (= go and get from another place and bring back)意为“去取（拿）来”，指的是一种往返运动，且返回时需要携带人或物。如：could you fetch me a clean shirt from my bedroom? 你到我的卧室里替我取件干净的衬衣好吗？i carried the books in a h2 paper bag. 我用了一个硬纸袋携带这些书。do remember to bring your sister here. 一定记着把你妹妹带来。don't forget to take your bag when you go. 走时不要忘记拿走你的包。 ★
trees were cut but none were planted. 这里none的意思是“没有一个，一个也不(没有)”，可以指人也可以指物，代替可数或不可数名词。如： none of us are perfect. wǒ men都不是十全十美的。none作主语代替可数名词时，谓语动词既可以用单数形式，也可以用复数形式。如: none of them has (have) come back yet. 他们一个也没回来。如果none代替不可数名词，谓语动词只用单数形式，如：none of the money is his. 那笔钱一点也没有他的。注意下面对话里的用法：“how many cakes / how much salt did you buy yesterday?”“none.” ★
once a year每年一次；twice a year每年两次；three times a year每年三次 ；four times a year每年四次。注意：三次或三年以上用times；用“a”表示“每”，而不用 every，each。
thousands of…“成千上万”；hundreds of…“成百上千”；tens of thousands of …数十万；millions of…“千百万的，无数的”，dozens of… “好几十或成打的”。注意: 用这种不具体的数字表示时，hundred，thousand，million 等词用复数形式，后面搭配of。但如果指具体数字时，不加 s，如：two thousand trees / about ten thousand people
free ①免费 he gave me two free tickets for the concert. 他给了我两张免费的音乐会票。②空闲的 he enjoys collecting stamps in his free time. ③自由的you are not free to enter the chemistry lab. 你们不能随便进入化学实验室。又：“is this seat free?” “yes, no one is using it.” free也可作动词用：she freed the bird from the cage. (释放)
knock down撞倒，打倒，如：he knocked down a child when he hurried off. 他急着离去的时候撞倒了一个孩子。he was knocked down by a car. knock 注意knock的其它意思：please knock at/on the door before entering.
rule ①名词“规则，规定，条例”，有很多搭配，如：carry out a rule 执行规则；follow the rule 遵守规则；keep the rule 遵守规则；work out a rule 制定规则；break a rule 违犯规则。 ②动词“统治，控制”，如：rule (over) a country 统治国家；rule one’s feelings控制感情。又：ruler 直尺、统治者
operate ①vt.开动；运行do you know how to operate the tractor? 你会开拖拉机吗？②vt.实施；负责；经营this programme was operated mainly by women. 这个计划主要由妇女来实施。③vi.开刀，动手术the doctor will have to operate on him at once. ★
percent 注意谓语动词的数：over seventy percent of the area is covered with trees. 这个地区百分之七十以上被树所覆盖。about sixty-five percent of the students in our class are league members. wǒ men班大约百分之六十五的学生是团员。 ★
purpose目的；意图，如：for what purpose do you want to go to canada? / he came here for the purpose of seeing you. on purpose 故意地、特意：the boy did it on purpose, of course.
◇单元学习笔记◇ unit 6 grade 1
language tip
how long have you had it? 你买了多久了? 错：how long have you bought it? how long 指行为或状态持续多久，常与延续性动词连用，不能用表示“瞬间完成的短暂动作”的动词作谓语。现在完成时是表示持续的状态，像这样不与持续性时间状语连用的非延续性动词还有 come、go、join、leave、die、get to know、borrow等。如：how long may i keep the book? 这本书我能借多久？又：注意how long与how soon的区别：“how soon can you finish the project?” “in two weeks.” ★
take a look at (have a look at) 看一眼, 瞧一瞧。如：i took a quick look at the picture. 我迅速看了一眼这张照片。i took one look at the coat and decided to buy it. 我看了看这件外套并决定买下它。take与一个名词连用（此名词与动词同形），表示做某一个动作，常常可以和have互换。如：take/have a rest 休息；take/have tea 喝茶；take/have a rest 休息；take/have a break 暂停；take/have a bath 洗澡等等。
i say 一般用在口语中，放在句首，没有实在的意义，和汉语中的“喂”，“我说”一样，用来提醒对方注意，引出话题。如：i say, lucy, what are you busy with? 哎，露西，你都忙些什么哪？i say, let's go shopping, shall we? 我说啊，咱们逛商场去，好不好？
go out for a drive 意思是“开车出去逗逗风”。这里的drive用作名词，前面的冠词a 通常不能省略。类似的有: go out for a walk/run。
穿：①put on: 注重穿戴的动作，如：he put on his hat and went out of the room. ②wear: 强调穿戴的状态，如：he is wearing a raincoat.③dress既可及物也可不及物，只表示穿衣，不用于穿鞋戴帽，如：get up and dress quickly. 快起来穿衣服。dress作及物动词用时，它的宾语是人而不是衣服：the mother is dressing her baby. 妈妈正在给宝宝穿衣服。特别注意：he is always dressed in a blue jacket. ★
do a lot of walking 走很多路。“do＋动名词”表示“干某事”的意思，有灵活的依法，如：i did a lot of reading last term.上学期我读了很多的书。who does the cooking at home?家里谁做饭？she often helps her mother to do washing. 她经常帮妈妈洗衣服。
job 既可指固定的工作，也指临时的或某项具体的工作，可用不定冠词a来修饰，也可以有复数形式；work属于不可数名词，表示抽象、泛指的工作，不能用不定冠词a来修饰。如：there will be a great many new jobs for workers. 工人们将有许多新工作可做。 he has a job as a waiter. 他有一份服务员的工作。all work and no play makes jack a dull boy. （英语谚语）只学习不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。work must come first. 工作必须放在首位。搭配：take a job
agree 意思是“同意，取得一致意见”，作及物动词时，后面通常跟名词、不定式或that引起的从句作宾语。如：i agree that your suggestion is quite good. 掌握与 agree 有关的短语：①agree on sth. 表示“（就事情某一方面）大家达成一致意见”： they agreed on a date for the next meeting. 他们就下次会议的日期达成了协议。②agree with sb/sth. 同意某人（的话，观点，想法，意见等）；与...一致，如：i really can't agree with you. / his words do not agree with his action. 他言行不一致。③agree to sth同意（赞成）提议、办法、计划：do you think he will agree to our plan? ④agree to do sth. 表示“同意做某事”。如：he agreed to drive us home. 注意：不可说agree sb to do sth. 错：he agreed us to go home. 应为：he allowed us to go home. ★
at least最少、至少；at most/at the most 最多，如：he is at least fifty. 他至少有五十岁了。the gold watch was worth 100 dollars at most. 这块金表顶多值100美元。又：least是little的最高级：he has the least money of all of us. / there isn't the least wind today. 今天一点风也没有。 ★
supply 意为“供给，供应，满足(需要)”，常用结构有: supply sth. to sb./ supply sb. with sth. 供给某人某物。例如: the shop supplies people with meat, eggs and milk. 那家商店供应肉、蛋和奶。books supply knowledge to us. 书本为wǒ men提供知识。these clothes will be supplied to the students in the flood area. 这些衣服将供给水灾地区的学生。 supply也可作名词：we have a good supply of water here.wǒ men这里有充足的水供应。 ★
plenty of 意思是“大量的，充足的”，后面既可接可数名词复数，也可接不可数名词，但仅限于肯定句。相应的疑问句和否定句分别用enough, many 或 much等。例如：there are plenty of eggs in the basket. 篮子里有许多鸡蛋。“do you have enough books for each of us? 你们有足够的书供wǒ men看吗？”“no, we have not many. wǒ men没有太多的书。” we have plenty of money. wǒ men有很多钱。they have not much food now. 他们现在的食物不多了。又：plenty 也可作名词：plenty has been said on how to learn english well.
全部否定可以用none, no, neither, never等词来表示，如： none of us likes volleyball. wǒ men都不喜欢排球。部分否定用not与all, both, every, everyone, everywhere, everything, always等连用，not只能否定句子中的一部分。意思是“并非全部…，并不是所有的…”，如：not every student likes volleyball. 不是每一个都学生都喜欢排球（对比：none of the students likes volleyball）。not all factories here produce noise. 这儿并不是所有的工厂都发出噪音。 not all english people like fish and chips. 不是所有的英国人都喜欢吃炸鱼和土豆片。注意：not all 和no... 作主语时的区别。前者的意思是“并不是所有的...”(表示部分否定)，后者的意思是“所有的...都不”(表示全部否定)。试比较：not all birds can fly. 不是所有的鸟都能飞。 no birds can fly. 所有的鸟都不能飞。 ★
spend ①spend…on sth 在…用钱或时间：i spent half my money on books. 我一半的钱都用来买书。he doesn’t spend much time on his lessons. 他花在功课上的时间不多。②spend …(in) doing sth 花时间在…：he spent his whole life in looking after the poor. 他一生都用来照顾穷人。i spent nearly two hours working on this maths problem. 我在这条数学题上花了近两个小时的时间。③度过：he usually likes to spend his sunday with me. ★
certain 某个，某些，既可修饰单数名词又可修饰复数名词：a certain person called on me yesterday. 昨天某个人拜访了我。certain parts of the car will be supplied by other companies. 某些汽车部件将由其他公司提供。some 有时也可当“某个”讲，只能修饰单数名词，而且some前面也不用a（注意：certain修饰单数名词时，前面必须加a），如：some person (=a certain person) called on me yesterday. 又：certain还解释“肯定；确信”：he is certain (= sure) to come. / it is certain (不可用sure) that two and two make four.
notice ①注意到 v. did you notice the thief leave/leaving the house? (notice sb do sth 与see、watch等词一样，notice后接不带to的不定式) ②注意 n.. no one took any notice of what he said. 没有人注意到他所说的话。③布告；通知 n. he put up a notice on the wall. 他在墙上张贴了一份通知。
begin with 以…开始：the meeting began with the national anthem. 会议以国歌开始。对比：we shall begin this lesson tomorrow morning. 明天早晨wǒ men开始上这一课。we shall begin with this lesson tomorrow morning. 明天早晨wǒ men先上这一课。又：to begin with, we must believe in ourselves. 首先，wǒ men要相信自己。
grammar
一般将来时的被动语态：
结构：will + be/get + 及物动词的过去分词
如果主语是第一人称，可用shall代替will, 否定式是在will/shall后加上not, 疑问句式则将will /shall提前置于句首。例如：i shall be punished for being late this morning. 我今早迟到了，将要受处罚。the desk won't be repaired until this weekend. 这张桌子到周末才能修理。you will get caught in the rain if you don’t take an umbrella. 如果你不带伞的话，你会遭雨淋的。又：a bridge is going to be built in my hometown. ★
◇单元学习笔记◇ unit15 grade 1
1. in (the) future 从今以后
相当于from now on,如：i will be more careful in future. 我今后会更小心的。对比：in the future “将来”，它指的是在将来某一时间，如：in the future travel agencies may be organizing trips to the moon. 旅行社将来可能会组织去月球旅行。有时两者可换用：he promised not to do it again in (the) future.
2. be rich in 盛产，在…方面充足
这个地区盛产煤: this part of country is rich in coal. 在本单元还可找到它的同义词"be high in"。它的反义词是"be low in"，如：vegetables are usually low in fat. 通常蔬菜的脂肪含量都很低。
3. put on / lose weight 发福/减肥
if you eat too much chocolate, you’ll put on weight. 如果你吃过多的巧克力，你就会发胖。in order to lose weight, he does exercise every morning. 为了减肥，他每天早上都做运动。
4. scores of
score意思是twenty，“二十个鸡蛋”：a score of eggs“六十个鸡蛋”：three score of eggs。表示具体数目时，score要用单数。词组scores of意思是many “许多、大量”，如：there are scores of eggs in the basket. 篮子里装了许多鸡蛋。i have been there scores of times. 我去过那儿多次。用法类似的还有其它一些表示数字的词，如dozen、hundred、thousand、million等。
5. at the end (of) 最后、尽头
my boss waited for me at the end of the street. hand in your work at the end of the lesson. 这节课结束时把作业交上来。注意区分in the end 和 at the end，前者作“到最后”讲，后者是“在结尾处(at the point where something stops)”的意思，如：in the end we caught up with them. 到最后wǒ men赶上了他们。praise day at night, and life at the end. (proverb)人到盖棺，才能定论。
1. when playing football or basketball, you might be using 400 calories an hour. 当你踢足球或打篮球时，你可能每小时要消耗400卡。when/while 时间状语从句，如从句中的主语与主句中的主语是同一人或物时，则可省去主谓语，变成when/while + -ing 这种结构。如：when walking in the street, he met an old friend of his. while doing the experiment, he noticed something strange.
2. on sports day, during the relay race, you will use most of all, perhaps as much as 650 calories an hour. 开运动会时，在接力赛跑中，你消耗的热量最多，可能每小时多达650卡。 as much as和as many as都表示“多达”、“到达…什么程度”的意思，所涉及的数量是可数的，用many；不可数则用much。如：there are as many as 1000 books in my library.我的图书馆有一千册图书。he earns as much as 200 yuan a week. 他每周挣两百元。
1. i've got a pain here. 我这儿痛。pain 这个词是用人做主语而不是身体部位做主语。i have a pain in my back.我的背疼。i had pains all over last night. 我晚上浑身疼。这里"pain"是可数名词。精神上的痛苦也可用这个词。he gave his mother much pain by falling all the subjects. (注意这时pain是不可数名词) 他考试都不及格，妈妈很痛苦。又pain的复数形式"pains"还有“辛苦”的意思：no pains, no gains. (proverb)不劳无获。如用身体部位做主语，要用"ache"这个词: my back aches. ache还可以作名词,和head，tooth，ear，stomach一起构成复合名词：headache，toothache，earache，stomachache。
2. does it hurt here? 这儿痛吗？hurt在这儿和上文提到的pain, ache一样也是“疼”的意思。作不及物动词时与"ache"用法差不多，主语是身体部位，如my feet hurts.我脚疼死了。hurt做“受伤”讲时是及物动词，不仅指身体受伤，还可指感情受伤。如：i fell off my bicycle and hurt my leg. 我从自行车上摔下来，腿伤了。my feelings were hurt when he didn't ask me to the party. 他没邀请我去party，我的感情受到了伤害。
3. was the peach ripe or green? 桃子是熟的还是生的？这儿green是“生的，不成熟的”意思。the apples are too green to pick. 苹果没熟不能摘。green形容人是 “没经验,不成熟”，如刚参加工作可能会被说成：he's green at his job.
4. it was a bit green. 还有点生。a bit此处用作程度副词，相当于a little，作“一点儿”解，如：i'm a bit tired.我有点累了. let's have a bit of music.wǒ men来点儿音乐。bit要修饰名词，需加上"of"，如：a bit of water (= a little water)。注意not a bit 和 not a little 不同，如：she is not a bit hungry. (not a bit = not at all) 她一点也不饿。she is not a little hungry. (not a little = very) 她很饿。
5. every person needs water and a diet of healthy foods. 每个人都需要水和健康的食物。food 是食物的一般用语，diet 特指习惯的饮食，或为了保健而规定的食物。he is on a special diet to lose weight. 她正在特别饮食以减肥。
6. they eat different kinds of food which change into energy. 他们吃各种各样的食物，这些食物转变为能量。change into 使…变为、变成、换成，如：he tried to change iron into gold. 他试图点铁成金。could you change this fifty yuan into five tens for me, please? 你能把一张五十元换成五张十元吗？区分 change … for …: he changed his old suit for a new one.
7. the energy is measured in calories. 这种能量以卡来计算。in是一个非常有用的介词，在这儿表示“以…，用…”的意思：they talked in english.他们用英语交谈。in britain, the weight is generally measured in pounds.在英国，重量通常是用磅来计算的。the living space is measured in square metres. 居住面积用平方米计算。
8. the chinese diet is considered to be the healthiest in the world. 中国的饮食被认为是世界上最健康的饮食。复习consider的用法：一是“考虑”， 后面要跟动名词；一是“认为”，常接动词不定式的复合结构（主要是to be）。两者都可以用于被动语态。i considered going to see my grandmother tomorrow afternoon. 我考虑明天下午去看奶奶。you consider that to be important？你认为那很重要么？
9. because of this, they put on weight very easily. 因此，他们的体重很容易增加。because of 是短语介词，后面接名词或代词，在句中作状语。如：he didn’t come to school yesterday because of illness. his spoken english is improving because of lots of practice. (注意和because状语从句的区别)
10. their diet contains a lot of fat in the form of potato crisps, potato chips, butter, cream and chocolate. 他们的食物有油炸土豆片、油炸土豆条、黄油、奶酪和巧克力，这些食物都含有大量的脂肪。form是“形式”的意思，in the form of 便是“以…形式”。如：the cookies were all in the form of stars. 那些饼干的形状都像星星。the story is told in the form of a play. 故事是以短剧的形式讲述的。
11. in some parts of britain, one person in ten, by the age of thirty, has no teeth left! 在英国的一些地方，1/10的人到30岁时，牙齿就全掉光了！one person in ten是“十个人里有一个”的意思。如：at least eight in ten students are shortsighted. 十个学生中至少有八个近视。可以用out of代替in，意思一样：nine out of ten people agreed with me. 有十分之九的人同意我的意见。
12. as a result, many westerners die at an early age from heart illnesses. 结果，许多西方人因患心脏病而死得很早。die of/die from，“死于...” 。当一个人死于内因，例如疾病、饥饿等，用die of，如：her grandfather died of cancer. 她的爷爷不幸死于癌症。若死于外因，例如外伤等，用die from，如：he died from a traffic accident. 他死于一次交通事故。
making suggestions & giving advice
1. advise 的搭配：提建议可用"advise"，注意要用不定式。如：i advise you not to eat fruit that isn't ripe in future. 我劝你今后不要吃不熟的水果。advise 也可接从句（从句中多用should）：the doctor advised that he (should) give up smoking.
2. suggest的搭配：用suggest 提建议也用两种结构，一是suggest 加名词或动名词，一是suggest接从句（从句中多用should）。如：the teacher suggested reading some world famous works. 老师建议读些世界名著。i suggest you (should) ask mr wu for advice. 我建议你向吴先生求教。
◇单元学习笔记◇ unit 2 grade1
language tip
have been to… 意思是“到过…地方”。如：i have been to london many times. / have you ever been there before? 你以前去过那个地方吗？对比have gone to… 意思是“已到…去了”，如：he has gone to the chemistry lab. ★
first of all，第一，首先。如：first of all i must check the number. 首先我必须检查那号码。注意：at first 解释“开始、起初”：at first he was very shy in school.
allow是“让，允许”的意思: it is not allowed by law. 法律不允许。由allow组成的句型有: allow sb. to do sth.允许某人做某事；allow doing sth. 允许做某事；allow sb. sth. 允许某人某事。如：my parents won't allow me to stay out late. 我的父母不允许我深夜还不回家。we don't allow smoking in public. wǒ men不允许在公共场所吸烟。 he allows his son too much money. 他给他儿子太多的钱。★
once用作连词，相当于from the moment that, when，意思是一旦，一……就……，引导时间（条件）状语从句。注意：once引导的从句不能用将来时，而用一般现在时，例如：once you see the film, you will never forget it. 一旦nǐ kàn了这部电影，你将永远不会忘记。once 作副词，解释“从前;曾经”: he once lived in paris. 又：she went out shopping once a week.（一周一次）
follow one's instruction 按照某人教导。类似结构还有 follow one’s order、follow one’s advice等。follow 还有“跟随”、“沿着”、“听懂”之意：i followed him out. / follow this road until you get to the cinema. / do you follow what i’m saying?
unless = if… not，意思是“除非…，否则…”，但语气要重一些。注意：在unless引导的从句里，动词用一般现在时，不用一般将来时。如: i'll be back tomorrow unless there's a heavy snow. = i'll be back tomorrow if there isn't a heavy snow. 除非下大雪，否则我明天就回来。don't touch anything unless your teacher tells you to. 从句中to是不定式符号，后面省略了动词touch，以避免不必要的重复。作为不定式的符号，to一般是不能省略的。例如：my parents wish me to study medicine in the future, but i don't want to. 我的父母希望我将来学医，但我不想。★
what about…是用来征求对方意见的用语。它的后面可以跟名词、代词、动名词、副词，还可以跟状语从句，可以用来询问消息、提出建议或征求意见。如：what about a cup of coffee? 来杯咖啡怎么样？(征询意见) what about his family? 他的家庭情况怎么样？(询问消息) what about going to france this summer? 夏天到法国去怎么样？(提出建议)
make sure 表示“确定、查明、确保”。后面常接宾语从句或of短语，但通常不接不定式。如：make sure (that) you get enough sleep. 你一定要有足够的睡眠。we've made sure of our seats for the movie. wǒ men已经订好电影院的座位了。接不定式用be sure：be sure to bring a dictionary with you tomorrow. ★
a way of sth./doing sth. 表示 “（做）某事的方式或方法”，如：he had a good way of working out the problem. 他用一种好办法解出了这道题。i don't like his way of living. 我不喜欢他的生活方式。
make + sb./sth. + adj. 结构中，make 的意思是“使…，致使…”，后面形容词作宾语补足语，用来修饰人或事物的性质或所处的状态，所以 make one's classes lively and interesting意思就是“使某人的课生动有趣”。如: the smell of cooking makes me hungry. 烧菜的味道让我感到肚子饿。 make＋名词＋do，表示“让某人做某事”，如: the teacher made her copy the whole text. 老师让她抄写整篇课文。注意：考试中经常会考到的是这个结构的被动语态，此结构变为被动语态时，不定式结构要带to，那么上一句话就变为：she was made to copy the whole text. ★
fill 意思是“填满，装满”，后面常接介词 with，表示“用……装满”，如：fill the hole with sand.也可以用于被动结构中be filled with…, 即“被……装满”。如：she was filled with happiness when she heard the news. 她听到这个消息的时候，心中充满了欣喜。另外还有一个词组是be full of, 也表示“装满了……”。如：the bottle is full of milk. 瓶子里装满了牛奶。★
mix 混合，搅拌。后面常接介词with。例如：oil and water don't mix. (= oil doesn't mix with water.) mix up 意为“混淆，搞混”，例如：i'm afraid i have mixed your names up. mix的名词形式是mixture，意为“混合物”，例如：air is a mixture of gases.
dip 的意思是“蘸，浸”，后面常接介词in/into，例如：i dipped my pen in the ink. 下面一句话是什么意思？ i haven’t read that book properly; i’ve only dipped into it.
you must do everything as i do. 由as引导的从句是方式状语从句。有一句非常有名的西方谚语: when at rome do as the romans do. 入乡随俗，这句话直译应该是：在罗马时，就要像罗马人那样行事。as作“如，像，按照”解。as也可以引导时间状语从句，意思是“当…的时候，随着…”，例如：as time passed, i nearly forgot the thing. 随着时间的流逝，我几乎忘了这件事。as还可以引导原因状语从句，意思是“因为，由于”，例如：as he had no car, he couldn't get there early. 因为他没有车，所以不能早到那儿。★
taste 意思是“品尝”，它可以作及物动词，如：she tasted the soup to see if she had put enough salt in it. 她尝了尝汤，想知道是否放够了盐。taste 在the mixture tasted terrible.句中作系动词，意思是“尝起来”，后接形容词作表语。类似的系动词还有smell, look, sound, feel等等，因为它们都是表示感觉的动词，又叫感官动词。如：he tasted the medicine and found it tasted bad. taste 还可作名词：this fruit has a terrible taste.
instead of 后面跟名词、动名词、代词、形容词或介词短语等等，意思是“代替”，“而不是”。如：i stayed in bed all day instead of going to school. ／ he likes pop songs, instead of classical music. 他喜欢流行歌曲，而不喜欢古典音乐。he went there on foot instead of by bus. 注意：instead 是副词，一般用于句末，后面不再跟其他词，用于否定前面提到的东西，如： yesterday i didn’t go there on foot. i took a bus instead.
◇单元学习笔记◇ unit 1 grade 1
language tip
so was my friend bob white. 倒装句，结构是“so+助动词/情态动词+主语”。这种结构一般用于接着上句话，so 代替本句和上句中某个相同的成分，意为“…也是，也这样”，如果上句中有be/have/情态动词，so后面仍用它们；如果上句用的是实义动词，则so后面用助动词do的适当形式。如：you can speak english. so can i. / i like pop music. so does my brother. 我喜欢流行音乐,我弟弟也喜欢。he went there. so did her. 这种倒装用法在考试中经常会遇到。★
i must be off now. 这里off的意思是“离开，走掉”，所以这句话相当于i must go/leave now, 也可说i must be leaving now. 若要语气显得更委婉、更有礼貌的话，还可在前面加上 i'm afraid…, 例如：it's too late. i'm afraid i must be off. 恐怕我得走了。又：the next day i was off to new york. 第二天我动身去了纽约。"where are you off to?" he asked.
come on 常用来催促或鼓励别人。意思是：快，赶快，来吧。例如：sing us one song, jane, come on! 来吧，jane, 给wǒ men唱首歌。
introduce 是一个很有用的单词，新学期开始，通过自我介绍 introduce oneself, 才能认识新同学。一般你可以这样开口：may i introduce myself to you? i'm … 介绍两人认识时，常说: introduce a to b, 比如：let me introduce my friend to you. he's tom. may i introduce you to…?我可以把…介绍给你吗？introduce 的名词是 introduction.
vacation意思与holiday相同，表示“假日，休假”，但前者一般用于美国英语，而后者常用于英国英语中。he is on vacation now. 他正在度假。注意：vacation通常没有复数形式，而holiday可以有复数形式，特别是指超过一天的假日。例如：the summer/winter vacation = the summer/winter holidays 暑/寒假
go on doing sth. 是考试中经常出现的句型，类似的词组为: go on to do sth.，两者都是“继续做……”的意思，区别如下：go on doing sth. 强调持续不断地干同样一件事，表示一直在做某事，没有中断或改做其它事；go on to do sth. 表示“（干完某事后）继续干另外一件事”，强调接着做与原来不同的另一件事。如：the students went on talking and laughing all the way.学生们一路上不停地在谈笑。unit one is finished. we'll go on to study unit two next week.第一单元已经学完了，下周wǒ men要接着学第二单元。★
we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. 句中 “by” 意思是借助、通过、用、以等，用以说明手段或方式，翻译起来比较灵活。如：you should learn swimming by swimming. / don’t judge a person by the clothes he wears. 不要根据衣着来判断一个人。★
have sb. doing sth. 是“使某人一直做某事”，have sb. do sth.是“使某人做某事”，请注意不要在do之前画蛇添足地加上to。 have sth. done 从字面上看应该是“使某事被做”，也就是“请人做某事（自己不去做或无法亲自做）”。如：i had him waiting at the gate. 我让他一直在门外等候。i'll have him finish my work. 我将让他替我把工作完成。i had my hair cut. 我请人把我的头发理了。★
employ是及物动词，意为“雇佣，聘请”，后可跟as，表示“雇某人当……”，例如：we employ her as an adviser. wǒ men雇她做顾问。雇佣别人为自己干活的人叫做employer 雇主，而被雇佣的人就是employee雇员，这两个词都是由employ衍化而来。
as a result “因此；结果”，常在上文说明了原因的情况下，用来引导结果，相当于so，例如：he worked hard. as a result, he got a pay rise. 他工作努力，因此得到了加薪。as a result 后面可以加of结构，表示“由于……的结果”，相当于because of，例如：as a result of carelessness, he has made a few mistakes in his examination paper.由于粗心，他在试卷上犯了一些错误。★
too much “太多”，后面跟不可数名词或直接修饰谓语动词。对比：much too, “非常，实在太…”，后面一般跟形容词或副词。如：i've got too much work to do. 我要做的工作太多了。the work is too much for him. 这工作他吃不消。the work is much too hard. 这工作太难了。★
in my opinion，意思是“依我看，在我看来”，近似于i think，i guess ，i feel ，但比它们还要正式一些。如：in my opinion, he is wasting time. 依我看，他在浪费时间。in our opinion, autumn is the best season in beijing. 在wǒ men看来，秋天是北京最好的季节。
ask about “询问，打听”。she asked about his job the other day. 前几天她问过他的工作。
give one's regards to ... 向…问好 please give my kind regards to your parents. 请代我问候你的父母。类似的句子还有：please give my best wishes to your parents. please remember me to your parents. please say hello to your parents. 注意：句中的regard和wish通常用复数形式。regard 用作单数，解释“关心，关怀”：he shows little regard for others.
general 是多义词: ①大体的；笼统的have you got a general idea of what the book is about? ②总的the general manager is asking to see you. ③将军(名词) in which year was general washington born?
dark ①名词 can cats see in the dark? ②形容词 this classroom is too dark to read. 注意：不可说it began to become dark and it was time to go back home. 应说：it began to get dark and it was time to go back home.
◇单元学习笔记◇ unit 6 grade 1
language tip
how long have you had it? 你买了多久了? 错：how long have you bought it? how long 指行为或状态持续多久，常与延续性动词连用，不能用表示“瞬间完成的短暂动作”的动词作谓语。现在完成时是表示持续的状态，像这样不与持续性时间状语连用的非延续性动词还有 come、go、join、leave、die、get to know、borrow等。如：how long may i keep the book? 这本书我能借多久？又：注意how long与how soon的区别：“how soon can you finish the project?” “in two weeks.” ★
take a look at (have a look at) 看一眼, 瞧一瞧。如：i took a quick look at the picture. 我迅速看了一眼这张照片。i took one look at the coat and decided to buy it. 我看了看这件外套并决定买下它。take与一个名词连用（此名词与动词同形），表示做某一个动作，常常可以和have互换。如：take/have a rest 休息；take/have tea 喝茶；take/have a rest 休息；take/have a break 暂停；take/have a bath 洗澡等等。
i say 一般用在口语中，放在句首，没有实在的意义，和汉语中的“喂”，“我说”一样，用来提醒对方注意，引出话题。如：i say, lucy, what are you busy with? 哎，露西，你都忙些什么哪？i say, let's go shopping, shall we? 我说啊，咱们逛商场去，好不好？
go out for a drive 意思是“开车出去逗逗风”。这里的drive用作名词，前面的冠词a 通常不能省略。类似的有: go out for a walk/run。
穿：①put on: 注重穿戴的动作，如：he put on his hat and went out of the room. ②wear: 强调穿戴的状态，如：he is wearing a raincoat.③dress既可及物也可不及物，只表示穿衣，不用于穿鞋戴帽，如：get up and dress quickly. 快起来穿衣服。dress作及物动词用时，它的宾语是人而不是衣服：the mother is dressing her baby. 妈妈正在给宝宝穿衣服。特别注意：he is always dressed in a blue jacket. ★
do a lot of walking 走很多路。“do＋动名词”表示“干某事”的意思，有灵活的依法，如：i did a lot of reading last term.上学期我读了很多的书。who does the cooking at home?家里谁做饭？she often helps her mother to do washing. 她经常帮妈妈洗衣服。
job 既可指固定的工作，也指临时的或某项具体的工作，可用不定冠词a来修饰，也可以有复数形式；work属于不可数名词，表示抽象、泛指的工作，不能用不定冠词a来修饰。如：there will be a great many new jobs for workers. 工人们将有许多新工作可做。 he has a job as a waiter. 他有一份服务员的工作。all work and no play makes jack a dull boy. （英语谚语）只学习不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。work must come first. 工作必须放在首位。搭配：take a job
agree 意思是“同意，取得一致意见”，作及物动词时，后面通常跟名词、不定式或that引起的从句作宾语。如：i agree that your suggestion is quite good. 掌握与 agree 有关的短语：①agree on sth. 表示“（就事情某一方面）大家达成一致意见”： they agreed on a date for the next meeting. 他们就下次会议的日期达成了协议。②agree with sb/sth. 同意某人（的话，观点，想法，意见等）；与...一致，如：i really can't agree with you. / his words do not agree with his action. 他言行不一致。③agree to sth同意（赞成）提议、办法、计划：do you think he will agree to our plan? ④agree to do sth. 表示“同意做某事”。如：he agreed to drive us home. 注意：不可说agree sb to do sth. 错：he agreed us to go home. 应为：he allowed us to go home. ★
at least最少、至少；at most/at the most 最多，如：he is at least fifty. 他至少有五十岁了。the gold watch was worth 100 dollars at most. 这块金表顶多值100美元。又：least是little的最高级：he has the least money of all of us. / there isn't the least wind today. 今天一点风也没有。 ★
supply 意为“供给，供应，满足(需要)”，常用结构有: supply sth. to sb./ supply sb. with sth. 供给某人某物。例如: the shop supplies people with meat, eggs and milk. 那家商店供应肉、蛋和奶。books supply knowledge to us. 书本为wǒ men提供知识。these clothes will be supplied to the students in the flood area. 这些衣服将供给水灾地区的学生。 supply也可作名词：we have a good supply of water here.wǒ men这里有充足的水供应。 ★
plenty of 意思是“大量的，充足的”，后面既可接可数名词复数，也可接不可数名词，但仅限于肯定句。相应的疑问句和否定句分别用enough, many 或 much等。例如：there are plenty of eggs in the basket. 篮子里有许多鸡蛋。“do you have enough books for each of us? 你们有足够的书供wǒ men看吗？”“no, we have not many. wǒ men没有太多的书。” we have plenty of money. wǒ men有很多钱。they have not much food now. 他们现在的食物不多了。又：plenty 也可作名词：plenty has been said on how to learn english well.
全部否定可以用none, no, neither, never等词来表示，如： none of us likes volleyball. wǒ men都不喜欢排球。部分否定用not与all, both, every, everyone, everywhere, everything, always等连用，not只能否定句子中的一部分。意思是“并非全部…，并不是所有的…”，如：not every student likes volleyball. 不是每一个都学生都喜欢排球（对比：none of the students likes volleyball）。not all factories here produce noise. 这儿并不是所有的工厂都发出噪音。 not all english people like fish and chips. 不是所有的英国人都喜欢吃炸鱼和土豆片。注意：not all 和no... 作主语时的区别。前者的意思是“并不是所有的...”(表示部分否定)，后者的意思是“所有的...都不”(表示全部否定)。试比较：not all birds can fly. 不是所有的鸟都能飞。 no birds can fly. 所有的鸟都不能飞。 ★
spend ①spend…on sth 在…用钱或时间：i spent half my money on books. 我一半的钱都用来买书。he doesn’t spend much time on his lessons. 他花在功课上的时间不多。②spend …(in) doing sth 花时间在…：he spent his whole life in looking after the poor. 他一生都用来照顾穷人。i spent nearly two hours working on this maths problem. 我在这条数学题上花了近两个小时的时间。③度过：he usually likes to spend his sunday with me. ★
certain 某个，某些，既可修饰单数名词又可修饰复数名词：a certain person called on me yesterday. 昨天某个人拜访了我。certain parts of the car will be supplied by other companies. 某些汽车部件将由其他公司提供。some 有时也可当“某个”讲，只能修饰单数名词，而且some前面也不用a（注意：certain修饰单数名词时，前面必须加a），如：some person (=a certain person) called on me yesterday. 又：certain还解释“肯定；确信”：he is certain (= sure) to come. / it is certain (不可用sure) that two and two make four.
notice ①注意到 v. did you notice the thief leave/leaving the house? (notice sb do sth 与see、watch等词一样，notice后接不带to的不定式) ②注意 n.. no one took any notice of what he said. 没有人注意到他所说的话。③布告；通知 n. he put up a notice on the wall. 他在墙上张贴了一份通知。
begin with 以…开始：the meeting began with the national anthem. 会议以国歌开始。对比：we shall begin this lesson tomorrow morning. 明天早晨wǒ men开始上这一课。we shall begin with this lesson tomorrow morning. 明天早晨wǒ men先上这一课。又：to begin with, we must believe in ourselves. 首先，wǒ men要相信自己。
grammar
一般将来时的被动语态：
结构：will + be/get + 及物动词的过去分词
如果主语是第一人称，可用shall代替will, 否定式是在will/shall后加上not, 疑问句式则将will /shall提前置于句首。例如：i shall be punished for being late this morning. 我今早迟到了，将要受处罚。the desk won't be repaired until this weekend. 这张桌子到周末才能修理。you will get caught in the rain if you don’t take an umbrella. 如果你不带伞的话，你会遭雨淋的。又：a bridge is going to be built in my hometown. ★
◇单元学习笔记◇ unit 5 grade 1
language tip
表示目的可用to、 in order to、so as to或so that、in order that。①to、in order to、so as to＋动词原形，引导的是目的状语短语 ②so that、in order that引导的是目的状语从句，构成复合句，并且从句中谓语动词常与 can, could, may, might 等情态动词连用。如：he got up early to/in order to/so as to catch the first bus. 他早起为了赶上第一趟车。（注意否定形式：they hurried so as not to/in order not to miss the train.）又：speak clearly so that everybody can understand you. 请说清楚一点，这样每个人都能听懂。the visitors stopped at xi'an in order that they might visit some famous places of interest. 游客们留在西安目的是看一些著名的名胜古迹。注意：in order to、in order that 可放在句首，so as to、so that不可。另外so that还可引导结果状语从句，意为“因此，结果”，如：he was very ill so that he didn’t come to school. / he was so excited that he couldn't speak. 他太激动了以至说不出话来。★
then i'll water them to stop the soil getting too dry. 然后，我还要给它们浇水，以免土壤变得太干燥。stop 在这里作“阻止，拦阻”解，后面可跟-ing短语。如：you must stop her telling the truth. 你必须阻止她说出真相。 还有stop sb from doing结构，如：the rain stopped me from going to school. 大雨使我没能去上学。（另外：keep sb from doing也有阻止某人做某事的意思。） ★
do you have to feed plants like you feed chickens? 你得要像喂小鸡那样去喂幼苗吗？like在这里是作连词，相当于as，意思就是“如同，好像”，连接方式状语从句。不过like的这种用法一般用在口语中，正式的书面语还是用as。如：i failed like you had expected. 就像你预料的那样，我失败了。
feed 既可作及物动词，也可作不及物动词, 意思是“喂养，给…提供食物”，它可以组成的短语有：①feed on 以…为主食：sheep feed on grass. 羊以草为食。②feed sb. on/with sth.或feed sth.to sb. 用…喂养：we feed the cat on fish. wǒ men用鱼喂猫。③feed oneself 自己吃东西。the child is old enough to feed himself. 这孩子大了可以自己吃饭了。又：he fed the tape into the recorder.
it'll make the cabbage plants grow big and h2. 句中make 作“使（做某事）”或“使之成为”解，后跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，即：make sb. do sth. 如：the boss made them work all night. 老板让他们通宵劳动。how can we make the trees grow quicker? wǒ men怎样才能使这些树长得快些呢？注意：上述例句如果改用被动语态，则不定式符号to不能省略。如： they were made to work all night. / how can the trees be made to grow quicker?
the rest are let to grow even taller. 其余的留下来，好让它们长得更加高大。 the rest其余的（人或物），作主语时，谓语动词应根据上下文采用单数或复数形式。如：those books are mine; the rest are yours. 这些书是我的，其它的都是你的。 give me a glass of beer; the rest is yours. 给我一杯啤酒，剩下的是你的。因此the rest作主语时，若指代的是复数名词，谓语动词用复数；若指代的是单数名词或不可数名词则谓语动词用单数。 ★
in the past 意思是“在过去”，与一般过去时连用。如：there was no tv set in a family in the past. 过去家里没有电视机。但是in the past + 时间 可以和现在完成时连用, 如：great changes have taken place in china in the past twenty years. 在过去的二十年里，中国发生了巨大的变化。（这里的past还可以用last来代替） ★
拿，带 可译为take, bring, carry，fetch 但意思各有不同：carry (= hold sth. and move with it)是不表明运动方向的“携带，拿，提”；take (= carry to another place or go with it)意思是“带走，带领”，指携带人或物离去；bring (= carry towards; come carrying sth. or with sb.)是“拿来（带来）某人（物）”。fetch (= go and get from another place and bring back)意为“去取（拿）来”，指的是一种往返运动，且返回时需要携带人或物。如：could you fetch me a clean shirt from my bedroom? 你到我的卧室里替我取件干净的衬衣好吗？i carried the books in a h2 paper bag. 我用了一个硬纸袋携带这些书。do remember to bring your sister here. 一定记着把你妹妹带来。don't forget to take your bag when you go. 走时不要忘记拿走你的包。 ★
trees were cut but none were planted. 这里none的意思是“没有一个，一个也不(没有)”，可以指人也可以指物，代替可数或不可数名词。如： none of us are perfect. wǒ men都不是十全十美的。none作主语代替可数名词时，谓语动词既可以用单数形式，也可以用复数形式。如: none of them has (have) come back yet. 他们一个也没回来。如果none代替不可数名词，谓语动词只用单数形式，如：none of the money is his. 那笔钱一点也没有他的。注意下面对话里的用法：“how many cakes / how much salt did you buy yesterday?”“none.” ★
once a year每年一次；twice a year每年两次；three times a year每年三次 ；four times a year每年四次。注意：三次或三年以上用times；用“a”表示“每”，而不用 every，each。
thousands of…“成千上万”；hundreds of…“成百上千”；tens of thousands of …数十万；millions of…“千百万的，无数的”，dozens of… “好几十或成打的”。注意: 用这种不具体的数字表示时，hundred，thousand，million 等词用复数形式，后面搭配of。但如果指具体数字时，不加 s，如：two thousand trees / about ten thousand people
free ①免费 he gave me two free tickets for the concert. 他给了我两张免费的音乐会票。②空闲的 he enjoys collecting stamps in his free time. ③自由的you are not free to enter the chemistry lab. 你们不能随便进入化学实验室。又：“is this seat free?” “yes, no one is using it.” free也可作动词用：she freed the bird from the cage. (释放)
knock down撞倒，打倒，如：he knocked down a child when he hurried off. 他急着离去的时候撞倒了一个孩子。he was knocked down by a car. knock 注意knock的其它意思：please knock at/on the door before entering.
rule ①名词“规则，规定，条例”，有很多搭配，如：carry out a rule 执行规则；follow the rule 遵守规则；keep the rule 遵守规则；work out a rule 制定规则；break a rule 违犯规则。 ②动词“统治，控制”，如：rule (over) a country 统治国家；rule one’s feelings控制感情。又：ruler 直尺、统治者
operate ①vt.开动；运行do you know how to operate the tractor? 你会开拖拉机吗？②vt.实施；负责；经营this programme was operated mainly by women. 这个计划主要由妇女来实施。③vi.开刀，动手术the doctor will have to operate on him at once. ★
percent 注意谓语动词的数：over seventy percent of the area is covered with trees. 这个地区百分之七十以上被树所覆盖。about sixty-five percent of the students in our class are league members. wǒ men班大约百分之六十五的学生是团员。 ★
purpose目的；意图，如：for what purpose do you want to go to canada? / he came here for the purpose of seeing you. on purpose 故意地、特意：the boy did it on purpose, of course.
language record
◇单元学习笔记◇ unit 4 grade 1
language tip
in a few days' time 此短语中的in是指“过若干时间”、“在……以后”，和将来时一起用，后接时间长度，如：i’ll be back in two hours. 我两个小时之后回来（不可用after）。注意名词的复数后的s’, 如：a ten minutes' rest 十分钟的休息。his birthday is in two weeks’ time. 他生日还有两周的时间。 ★
separate ①形容词，意思是“单独的”、“各自的”: the children sleep in separate beds. ②动词，后面常接介词from，表示“使分开，使分离” : the two friends separated at the crossroads. 两个朋友在十字路口分手了。it is not difficult to separate british english from american english. 区分英国英语和美国英语并不困难。 ★
when are you going off to guangzhou? 用进行时表示将来，通常是一些按计划安排即将发生的动作，这样的动词有 go, come, stay, leave, arrive，start，die等，而且常用表示将来的时间状语。如：i’m leaving for shanghai tomorrow.
see sb. off 的意思是“送某人，给某人送行”，后面如果接代词，则必须放在off前；若后接名词，则既可在off前，也可在off后。如：he went to the station to see his friend off. 他去车站给朋友送行。
take表示“搭、乘（车、船）”，后面可接a taxi/a train/a bus等。如：i took a taxi to the station. 我搭出租车到车站。i'll take the next train to liverpool. 我准备搭下一班火车到利物浦。 let's take the stairs. wǒ men走楼梯吧。 ★
do give her my regards. 助动词do放在动词原形前面，可以用于肯定句或祈使句，表示强调，译作“务必，一定，确实”。例如：do remember the rules of the game! 一定要记住游戏规则！he does speak english well. 他的英语说得确实好。he did tell me that he would come. 他真的告诉过我他要来。★
by train“乘火车”。by表示旅行的方式，后接交通工具。如：he'll take a taxi there.= he'll go there by taxi. 他将乘出租车去那儿。i go to school by bike, but my father goes to his office by car. 我骑车上学，但我爸爸开车上班。注意：by 后面的名词为单数且不用冠词修饰。对比：i go to school on my bike.
say hi/hello to sb. 向某人问候。类似结构还有：向某人告别 say good-bye to sb., 向某人道歉 say sorry to sb.，拒绝我的计划 say no to my plan 等。
the same to you. 是用在听到对方良好祝愿之后的答语，在不同的交际场合表示不同的意义，大致意思就是“你也一样…，同样祝你…”。如：i wish you good luck! 祝你好运！the same to you. 也祝你好运。
guide作名词时表示“向导，导游，指南”，作动词时意思是“为……带路，指引”。如：the visitors need a guide to show them the city. 观光者们需要一位导游领他们游览这座城市。the boy will guide you to the top of the mountain. 这孩子将把你带到山顶。
区别through与across。它们都是介词,作“穿过”讲，through的含义与in有关，表示动作在某物体的空间内进行；across的含义与on有关，表示动作是在某物体的表面进行的。常用的搭配有：through the forest (valley, crowd, window, tunnel) 穿过树林(山谷,人群,窗户,隧道) across the river (plain, desert, sky, sea) 穿过河流(平原,沙漠,天空,海洋) ★
tie…to 意为“把……拴到……上”。如：don't tie the horse to the tree. tie it to the post. 别把马拴到树上，拴到柱子上。the robber tied the owner of the house to a chair. 那个强盗把房主绑在椅子上。★
it is wrong to eat monkeys. “吃猴子是不对的”， 句首的it叫做形式主语，不定式短语to eat monkeys才是真正主语。为了避免头重脚轻，英语中经常用it作形式主语，而真正的主语通常为不定式，-ing形式或从句。如：it is impossible for me to finish so much work in such a short time. 在这么短的时间里完成这么多工作对于我来说是不可能的。it is no use quarrelling with him. 和他争吵没用处。it is necessary that you should speak english in and after class. 在课内外说英语是必需的。 ★
see sb. doing sth. 意思是“看见某人正在做某事”，强调看见某个动作正在进行；see sb. do sth.意为“看见某人做了某事”，强调看见了整个动作的过程，如：i saw him crossing the street now. 我看见他正在过马路。i saw him cross the street. 我看见他过了马路。 ★
play one's guitar 表示“弹吉它”。乐器名词之前常用定冠词the或one’s, 如：play the piano 弹钢琴。而表示球类的名词前则不用，如：play basketball 打篮球。
be about to do sth. 表示“即将要做某事，正要做某事”，常与when连用，是一个固定的句型，意为“正要……这时突然……”，强调即将发生的动作。这里的when相当于and then/and at that time 在那时。如： he is about to start. 他马上就要动身了。i was about to leave when the telephone rang. 我正要出门，就在这时电话响了。 ★
they can eat a person in two minutes, leaving only the bones. 现在分词短语leaving only bones，在这里用作结果状语，也就是说这些鱼能把人吃掉，结果只剩一副骨架啦！又如：his father died, leaving her a lot of money.
take off 起飞，如：the plane took off very smoothly. 飞机很平稳地起飞了。飞机降落用 land，如：the plane landed on the airport safely.
what a sad sight it was! 英语感叹句的句型是：what(a) + 名词 + 主语 + 谓语。当句中的名词是可数名词单数时，what后要加a, 而如果名词是可数名词复数或不可数名词时，则what后不加a，在口语中还常常省略it is。例如：what a lovely day (it is)! 多好的天啊！what silly questions you asked! 你提的问题多傻啊！感叹句还有一个句型：how + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语，那么把文章中的这句话转成这种句型应该是：how sad the sight was! 再如：how beautiful she sang! 她唱得真好！how fast he is running.他跑得真快！ ★
for miles and miles i could see nothing except a great fire and lots of smoke.这里的except也可以用but，表示“除了……之外”。不过跟在 nobody, none, nothing, nowhere等否定词及疑问词who, what之后时多用but; 而在all, every, everybody, everyone, everything 等词后则通常用except。如：i looked everywhere except there. 除了那儿，我哪儿都看了。there’s nothing but a table in the room. 房间里只有一张桌子。nobody but me knows him. 只有我才认识他。★
for miles and miles 是由介词加名词构成的介词短语，在句中作状语用，表示强调。又如：for years and years 一连好几年；for days and days 一连好几天。
they can sell their beef at a high price in the capital. 介词at 后面常接表示花费、比率、程度、水平、年龄、速度等词，可以译作“以，用”。如：at a high price 意思是“以高价”，at a low cost 就是“以低成本”, we drove at high speed. wǒ men以最高的速度开车。the train was traveling at 100 kilometers an hour. 那火车以时速100公里行使。★
move on的意思就是“继续迁移，继续前进”。介词on表示动作的持续，意思是“继续”。例如：they walked on a little way without speaking. 他们朝前走了一段路，彼此都没有说话。he talked on about his travel in the forest. 他继续不停地讲他在森林里的那次旅行。
they move on to a new place every two or three years. 在这里 every + 基数词 + 复数名词，表示“每…，每隔…”，every five days就是每五天。如：take the medicine every four hours 每四个小时吃一次药。they usually come home every two weeks. 他们通常每两星期（每隔一星期）回家一次。另外，wǒ men还可以用 every+序数词+单数名词 来表达同样的意思，所以: every five days 也可写成 every fifth day。又“隔天”是every other day.
destroy 毁灭、毁坏，如：the enemy destroyed the city. 敌人毁坏了这座城市。all the hopes were destroyed.所有的希望都破灭了。
be made from和be made of 之间的区别在于：be made from （由...制成） 制成品已经变得看不出原料了，如课文中的土壤当然不是树叶的样子。be made of 是指从制成品中仍然可以看出原料，例如：the bridge is made of stone. 这座桥是由石头砌成的。the desk is made of wood. 这桌子是木制的。
sight ①情景；风景john enjoyed seeing the sights in new york. ②视力；视野his sight was poor.他的视力很差。you must put it away somewhere out of my sight.你最好把它放在我看不见的地方。
◇单元学习笔记◇ unit 3 grade 1
language tip
have some difficulty in doing sth. 表示“做某事有困难”，difficulty在这个结构中是不可数名词，in有时可以省略。如：do you have any difficulty (in) understanding his spoken english? 你听懂他的英语口语有困难吗？做某事毫无困难，可用have no/little difficulty in doing sth 如：i had no difficulty (in) translating the novel. 我翻译那本小说一点困难也没有。difficulty也可以指具体的难事、困境(可数)，比如：he met with a lot of difficulties.他碰到很多困难。★
when do you take your next exams？动词一般现在时可表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作，仅限于少数动词，如begin, get, leave, take, start, go等，如：when does the summer holidays begin? 暑假什么时候开始？the plane takes off at 6:30 p.m. 飞机下午六点三十分起飞。what time does the train leave for shanghai? 开往上海的列车几点钟开车？
pardon? 或beg pardon? 或i beg your pardon? 这三句都表示“请再说一遍”的意思，但注意它们都要使用升调。i beg your pardon. 用降调，意思是“请原谅、请宽恕”。又：please pardon me for not arriving sooner. ★
know 是及物动词，后跟名词或代词，意思是直接知道或了解人和物；know about/of 的意思则是间接了解或听说某人和某物。比较：i have known him for a long time. 我已经认识他多年了。i have known about/of him for a long time. 我早就听说过他的事。
more or less 意思是“或多或少”、“大体上”、“左右”，用于说话者的意见不那么肯定的情况下。it's an hour's journey, more or less. 大约一小时的路程。our working condition has more or less improved. wǒ men的工作条件多少有了一些改善。
however 作副词表示转折，意为“然而，但是”，可放在句中、句首或句末，而且必须用逗号与句子分开，不能直接引导句子。but 和while也是表示转折的词，但这两个词都是连词，用于连接并列分句，but的语气较强烈，while强调两者的对比关系。例如：later, however, he decided to go. 可是后来他决定去了。jim is bad at physics, but he passed the exam. 吉姆物理不好，但是他居然及格了。i like tea while she prefers coffee. 我喜欢喝茶，然而她却喜欢喝咖啡。★
come about意思是“发生”、“造成”，相当于happen和take place，没有被动语态。如：how did this accident come about? 这个事故是怎么发生的呢？ sometimes it is hard to tell how a quarrel comes about. 有时候很难说口角是怎样引起的。
at first, the language stayed the same句中的stay是连系动词，意为“保持（处于）某种状态”，相当于keep, remain, 通常后面跟形容词作表语。比如: she isn't married. she stays single. 她至今未婚，保持单身。the shop stayed open till six o'clock. 这家商店一直营业到六点。they don’t stay long in the same place. 本句中stay是不及物动词，long是副词。
the same as… 和……一样，如：he looks the same as before. 他看上去和以前一样。please meet me at the same place as you did yesterday. 请到你昨天见我的地方来见我。与其对应的词组是 different from…, 和……不同。如：city life is very different from country life. 都市生活和乡村生活是非常不同的。my opinion is different from yours. 我的意见和你的不相同。★
just as后跟一个表示方式的状语从句，作“正如”、“恰似”解。例如：she loved painting just as her mother did. 她喜爱画画，正象她妈妈过去喜欢画画一样。leave everything just as you found it. 让一切东西都保持原状吧。
a great many “许多”，也可以说a good many, 修饰可数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。如：i'm quite busy. i have a great many things to do. 我很忙，我有许多事要做。a great many of them are out of work. 他们中的许多人失业。 ★
and so on 表示“等等”，一般都放在句末，如：they are interested in art and music and so on.
american english has changed over the centuries, too. 几个世纪以来，美国英语也发生了变化。介词over在这里是表示时间的介词，意思是“在…期间”或“直到…过完”。如：i have read lots of english stories over the years.在这几年期间我读了许多英国小说。
reason表示“理由，原因”，后面可接介词for, 也可接why引导的从句，例如：do you know the reason for his anger? 你知道他生气的原因吗？(=do you know the reason why he is angry?)注意句型one of the reasons is that… 这儿的that引导表语从句，that通常不能省略，如：the reason why i was late for class was that i got up late. 我上学迟到的原因是因为我起床晚了。这里千万不要用because来引导表语从句！★
bring in 意思是“带进来”，引申义为“引进”、“赚得”、“有收入”等。例如：they brought in new technology from abroad. 他们引进了国外的新技术。they brought the experienced people in to help. 他们请来有经验的人帮忙。
explain：make sth clear; show the meaning of “解释;说明” i really don't know how to explain it properly. / 对：please explain this sentence to me. 错：please explain me this sentence.
i practised writing chinese characters for homework. 家庭作业我练习了写汉字。动词practise 后面要接动名词，如：we should practise speaking english every day. 名词practice 不可数，如：it takes a lot of practice to be really good at english. 英语要真正学好需要大量的练习。★
◇单元学习笔记◇
unit 18 grade 1
1. after all
毕竟，终究；到底。一、表示说话人对别人的态度，用来说服提醒对方，引出听话人似乎忘记了的某个重要的论点或理由，常放句首。比如：why shouldn't she eat the cake? after all, she made it.为什么她不该吃蛋糕？毕竟是她自己做的！二、表示说话人意思的转折，“虽然有前面说的话，但毕竟…”，一般放在句末。虽然wǒ men遇到很多困难，但最后还是成功了。although we met with difficulties, we've succeeded after all.
2. call on
call on/upon sb 拜访某人，如：i'll call on you at your office tomorrow morning. 我明天上午到办公室拜访你。call at 拜访某地，如：we called at the scientist’s office on sunday. 星期天wǒ men去了那个科学家的办公室。
3. not … any more
不再。after all, stan is not a boy any more. 斯坦毕竟不再是个孩子了。in that case, we needn’t speak of it any more. 假使那样，wǒ men就不需要再提这件事了。
4. day and night / night and day
日日夜夜：for the next three months i studied almost day and night. 以后的三个月里，我几乎日以继夜地学习。when i was his age, i was at work night and day. 我象他那样大的时候，我日日夜夜都在工作。
5. pay back
偿还：during the next ten years we both worked day and night to pay back the money we had borrowed. 在后来的10年时间里，wǒ men两人为了偿还这笔借款不分昼夜地干活。don’t forget to pay the money back to mr jones. 不要忘记把钱还给琼斯先生。
6. at the most
at the most=at most: 至多，如：she looks 15 years old at most. 她看上去至多十五岁。at least 至少，如：at least 20 people were killed in the traffic accident.
1. i'm sorry, but i don't think i know you.
否定转移：主句动词用否定式，而宾语从句动词用肯定式，经常用否定转移的动词有：think, believe, suppose等。i don't think she will do that. 我认为她不会那样做。i don’t think the fire started on our floor. 我认为那场火灾不是在wǒ men那层楼开始的。
2. that's why i now look so old.这就是为什么我现在看起来这样老了。
why 引导的从句用作表语。其他的疑问词如what, when, where等也可以引导名词从句，在句中作表语。如：that's what i want to know. 这正是我想知道的事。
1. sorry, i didn't recognize you. 对不起，我没有认出你来。recognize是“认出(know again)”的意思：finally he recognizes his long lost mother. 他终于认出了失散多年的母亲。he recognized her by her red hat. 他通过红帽子认出了她。
2. that's because of hard work—ten years of hard work. 那是因为劳累的缘故——10年的劳累呀! because of 是一个介词词组，后面要跟名词结构，对比：她走的很慢，因为腿疼。she walked slowly because she had a pain in her leg. 和 she walked slowly because of the pain in her leg.又如：the helicopter couldn’t get close enough because of the heavy smoke from the fire.
3. have times been hard for you? 这些年来境况不太好吧？times在这里的意思不是“时间”，而是“日子、时期、境遇”（常用复数），如：difficult times困难时期，hard times苦日子。
4. years of hard work, very little food, only a small cold room to live in and never a moment's rest. 多年劳累，食不果腹，斗室寒舍，从无休息。当用不定式做定语时，如果动词是不及物动词，千万别漏掉介词，如：there's nothing to worry about. 没有什么可担忧的。will you give me a chair to sit on? 请给我一把椅子坐坐。
5. i've written to accept the invitation. 我已经写信表示接受邀请了。receive指的是客观上“收到”，但主观上并不一定接受。而accept指的是主观上“接受”。please accept my good wishes. 请接受我的良好祝愿。she received a nice present from jim and she happily accepted it. 她收到吉姆精致的礼物，并愉快地收下了。
6. and a new dress costs over four hundred francs. 而一件新的晚礼服得花400多法郎。cost的主语是物。the pen cost/took me 10 yuan. 这支笔花了我10块钱。spend和pay的主语则是人. wǒ men通常说：spend… on sth/ (in) doing sth 或 pay… for sth：
i spent 10 yuan on the pen / (in) buying the pen. 或i paid 10 yuan for the pen.
7. does that matter? 这有什么要紧？matter在这里用作动词，“有关系，要紧”，主要用于疑问句和否定句：如：what does it matter? 这有什么要紧？it doesn't matter much. 这没有多大关系。
8. can't you just wear a flower instead? 难道不可以就戴朵花吗？否定疑问句常表示惊讶，可译为“难道…？”，如：haven’t you heard about him? 难道你没有听说过他？
9. 区分wear, dress, have on, put on: put on表示“穿”的动作，如：put on your warm coat. it’s very cold outside. 外面很冷，穿上你的厚衣服。dress的宾语是人，如：the mother is dressing her baby now. 妈妈正在给宝宝穿衣服。he is dressed in a black jacket. 他穿着一件黑夹克。wear/ have on表示“穿”的状态：she is wearing a red skirt today. 或 she has on a red skirt today.她今天穿了一条红裙子(have on 不用进行时态)。
10. she married a man with a lot of money. 她嫁给了一位很有钱的男人。marry “嫁”或“娶”，“和…结婚”应该说marry sb.：his teacher married a french girl. 他的老师娶了一个法国姑娘(marry 是及物动词，后面无需使用介词)。marry是一个短暂性动作，不能和表示一段时间概念的时间状语连用，应用get/be married（to sb）。his teacher has been married to that french girl for 3 years. 他的老师和那个法国姑娘结婚已三年了。is she married? 她结婚了吗？
11. you tried it on and it looked wonderful on you. 你把项链戴上试了试，戴在你身上真是太好看了。try on 试用、试穿：never buy shoes without trying them on first. 鞋子一定要试了再买。
12. pierre and i did have a very good time at the ball. 我和比尔在舞会上的确玩得很痛快。助动词do 在肯定句中表示强调：the idea does sound great. 这个主意听起来确实棒。he did tell me a lie. 他真地跟我说了谎。
13. it was worth five hundred francs at the most. 它最多值500法郎。be worth “值…钱”：how much is the computer worth? it is worth 6,000 yuan. 其后也可跟动名词，作“值得”解：the book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一看。
◇单元学习笔记◇ unit 18 grade 1
1. by accident (=by chance) 偶然, 无意中
i met jacob by accident in the cinema. 我偶然在电影院遇到了雅各布。i got the right answer to the question by accident.
2. in common 共同的
we are good friends because we have many things in common. in common with many people, he prefers classical music to pop. they are brothers, but they have nothing in common. in common 还可以作“共有”，“公有”解。
real friends should have everything in common.真正的朋友应该不分彼此。mr. and mrs. smith own the store in common.
3. get in touch with sb. 与某人取得联系
he got in touch his friends by telephone yesterday. (强调动作) do keep in touch with each other. 务必保持相互之间的联系(强调状态)。lose touch with/be out of touch with与……失去联系
4. on one’s own 通过自己的努力
she got the job on her own. 她自己找到了这份工作。i can finish the work on my own. they offer to fetch some water for us on their own. 他们主动提出帮wǒ men提水。of one’s own 属于某人自己的: he has a house of his own.
5. turn up 到达；出现
something unexpected has turned up. i wonder when they will turn up. turn up 还有“旋大”；“开大”的意思， 如turn up the radio/tv
she had gone through just a few carriages before she found herself at the front of the train. 连词before在句中作“（不多久）就”解。例如：
i hadn’t waited long before he came. 我没等多久他就来了。they had talked only a few minutes before they found they were quite different in opinion. 注意before 从句含有否定的意思：the bell rang before i could finish my paper. 我试卷还没完成铃就响了。
1. i only laid the table. 此处 lay 意思为“放置、摆放”，如: tell him to lay the table for supper. 告诉他摆桌子吃饭。lay 还表示“下蛋、产卵”，如: a black hen lays a white eggs. 黑鸡照样下白蛋。(谚语)
2. how did you find the fish, madam? 你觉得鱼的味道怎么样，女士？
这是一个征求意见的用语，相当于“how do you like...?” "what do you think of ...?” 如: — how did you find the food? — very delicious. i enjoyed it very much. 你觉得饭菜如何？好吃极了，我很爱吃。
3. after they had eaten their lunch, hank lit a cigar and got up.
light 作动词有两种意思：1)点火；生火；点燃，它的过去式是lit: he struck a match and lit the lamp. 他擦着一根火柴把灯点着。2)照亮；照明: he carried a burning stick to light the way. 他拿个火把照路。the fire lit up her face. 炉火照亮了她的脸。注意:当light用做被动语态时，它的过去式形式一般用lighted。如: this room is lighted by electricity. 这个房间用电照明。但 a brightly-lit room
4. soon he got talking to another person who happened to be american too. 没多久他跟另外一个人攀谈起来，这个人碰巧也是美国人。
注意get doing: what are we all waiting for? let's get moving! 动词happen + 不定式表示“碰巧”: do you happen to know his new telephone number? 你可知道他的新电话号码? i happened to be in the market yesterday when a fire started. 昨天发生火灾时，我正好在市场上。
5. he had gone through six carriages when he found he could go no further. 他走过了六节车厢，这时他发现再也走不过去了。
掌握further的用法: he was too tired to walk any further. 他太累而无法走更远。i have nothing further to say. 我没有别的话要说了。you will get further information. 你会得到更详尽的消息。
6. at that moment he remembered that all the tickets, passports and traveller's cheques were in his jacket that he had left hanging next to his seat.
从句that he had left hanging next to his seat是一个定语从句，修饰前面的先行词jacket。关系代词that在从句中用作宾语，hanging用作宾语补足语。如：she left the girl standing outside. 她让女孩留下站在外边。when we enter her room, we saw her clothes that she had left lying around.
7. they knew, or rather thought that their father was on the same train. 他们知道，或者说他们认为他们的父亲还在同一列车上。
or rather"译作“或者”。当wǒ men想要纠正自己已经说过的话，或欲使说过的话更确切，常使用这一表达方式: he is a writer, or rather he is a novelist. 他是个作家，或者更确切地说是一个小说家。he went home very late last night, or rather, in the early hours this morning. 他是昨天深夜回家的, 或者更确切地说, 是今天凌晨。
8. at about three o’clock tina said, “i’m going to see what dad is up to …” 大约三点钟的时候，蒂娜说，"我去看看爸爸在干什么…”
短语动词be up to 作“在干（某事）”(to do something)解，有时含有“密谋干坏事”的意思。例如：what in the world are you up to? 你到底在搞什么鬼？ go and see what those girls are up to. don’t trust him; he is up to his old tricks. 他又搞起他那些老把戏来了。
另外，up to 还可以表示“应由某人负责”，“是某人的职责”，常用于句型:it is/was up to sb. to do something 如：it’s up to you to decide whether to take the job or not. it’s up to us to give them all the help we can.
9. you are to go to the hotel where rooms have already been booked for you. 你们去旅馆，房间已经给你们订好了。
you are to go … 中包含了一个be to do的结构。这种结构常常表示计划或安排做某事，相当于be going to… 如：the train for beijing is to start at 9:00. 去北京的火车9点开。当主语为第二人称时，常表示转述他人的指示、要求。如：your mother says you are to wait till he comes back. 你妈妈说让你一直等他回来。当这种结构用于第三人称时，表示命令或指示. 如：the door is to be closed. 门要关牢。
10. the hotel paid the taxi driver and put the charge on their hotel bill. 饭店给出租司机付了车费，并把这笔钱记在饭店的帐单上。
charge在这里是“费用”、“价钱”的意思。what's the charge for a room? 一个房间收费多少？a charge for the use of the telephone 使用电话的费用 the charge for a front-row seat is $3. 前排座位票价每张三美元。free of charge 免费 charge也可作动词：charge two dollars for repairing the bike 修自行车索价两美元 the fruit seller charged me too much money. 这个水果商要了我很多的钱。
11. i heard about the job through a friend who works in the same company.
hear about的意思是“听到；听说”，如：i have never heard about him. 我从来没听人说起过他。i've heard a lot about it. 这事我听人谈了很多。
12. i was still so angry i was determined to tell him what i thought of him. 我仍然满腔怒火，便决定把我对他的看法告诉他。
掌握determine决定、决心：demand determines production. 需求决定生产。his advice determined me to drink and smoke no more. 他的劝告使我决定不再抽烟喝酒了。常用be determined to do: i am determined to do better than mike. 我决心比迈克做得更好。
13. fortunately, i was in time for the interview.
注意in time for sth/ to do sth: do you think we can get there in time for the train? the doctor came in time to save her life.
14. the interview went well. 面试进行得很顺利。
进展；进行: the hours went slowly. 时间过得很慢。the party went well. everything's going fine at the moment.
15. i was pleased that the manager had decided not to be angry with me for having been so rude.
be angry with somebody for doing something 意思是“因某人做了某事而生气。”如: she was angry with herself for having made so many mistakes in the english paper. 她为自己英语试卷做错太多而气恼。
16. 掌握几个单词的用法：
(1) permit允许；许可v. will you permit me to leave now? the law does not permit smoking in the hospital. time permitting, we'll pay a visit to the park. 许可；执照 n. you won't get into the building without a permit. all permits should be shown to the guard at the gate.
(2) charge要求收费；索价 v. how much do you charge for a haircut? we don't charge (you) anything for that. 费用；价钱 n. what's the charge for a double room?
(3) absence不在；缺席please take care of my house during my absence. i didn't notice his absence from school. 缺乏cold is the absence of heat. 形容词是absent 缺席的: three students are absent from school because they are sick.
(4) track足迹the dog followed the fox's tracks into the woods. he's escaped from prison, but the police are on his track. 径赛carl lewis is a famous track star. 轨道these new weather satellites can follow the track of storms.
(5) book订；预订 v. he booked three seats on the plane. the hall was booked for another meeting.
◇单元学习笔记◇ unit 21 grade 1
1. have a talk with 与…谈话
she had a long talk with him about her plans. that afternoon i had a serious talk with helen.
2. come across （偶然）遇见
i came across a friend in the street. 我在街上遇到一个朋友。in the library he came across a very useful book he needed. 在图书馆里他偶然发现一本他需要的有用的书。也可说run across。
3. cut up 切碎
等于cut something into pieces如：i am cutting this tree up. 我在把这棵树劈碎。the meat should be cut up. 肉应该要切碎。对比：cut down，表示make something fall by cutting (砍倒)：i am going to cut this tree down. 我打算砍倒这棵树。cut down还有其它的意思：cut down the cost 降低成本；cut down one’s diet 减少饮食
4. make progress 取得进步
注意progress是不可数名词。i’ve made much progress in my english. 我的英语取得很大的进步。the boy made little progress at school. 这孩子在学校没有什么进步。what rapid progress you have made! 你的进步好快啊！
5. before long 不久以后
beforn long = soon，如：he worked in the factory and before long he joined the army. 他在工厂工作，不久之后就当兵了。对比：long before = long long ago 许久以前。例如：the story happened long before. 这个故事发生在很久以前。the chinese had sailed to foreign lands long before columbus discovered america. 远在哥伦布发现美洲之前，中国人就已经航海到过许多外国国土。
6. move on 继续移动
on 是副词，意思是without stopping，例如：we walked on although we were very tired. 虽然wǒ men非常疲劳，可wǒ men仍继续走着。we had thought they would leave, but they stayed on. wǒ men以为他们要离开了，但他们却继续呆着没走。
7. keep on doing sth. 继续做某事
连续不断地做某件事, 强调一种活动不间断，着重指动作的多次反复例如：in the years that followed, marx kept on studying english and using it. 在这之后的岁月里，马克思继续学习英语、使用英语。he kept on phoning me, but i really didn't want to talk to him. 他老是不断地打电话给我,但我实在是不想跟他说话。keep doing sth. 也是继续做某事的意思，如: why did he keep laughing? 他干嘛不停地笑? 注：keep doing 强调动作的持续性，keep on doing 强调动作的反复性，带有强烈的感情色彩，如：it kept raining for three weeks. 天连续下了三周的雨。 don’t keep on asking the same question. 不要反复问这一个问题。
8. translate … into … 把…译成…
will you please translate this article from french into english? 请把这篇文章从法文译成英文。又：how would you translate his silence? 你对他的沉默作何解释？translate ideas into actions 把思想变为行动。名词是translation
1. i find idioms and useful expressions hard to learn. 我发现习语和有用表达很难学。
注意这种结构find + n. + adj. + to do，如：i find this piece of music nice to listen to. 我发现这支乐曲很好听。 he found his cousin difficult to get along with. 他发现他的堂兄很难相处。
2. he made such rapid progress that before long he began to write articles in english for an american newspaper. 他进步很快，不久就开始用英语给美国一家报纸撰稿。when he wrote one of his great works, the civil war in france, he had mastered the language so well that he was able to write the book in english. 当他撰写他的一部巨著《法兰西内战》时，他已经熟练掌握英语，能用英语写这部书了。
such…that…和下面一句so…that…一样都是表达“如此…以至于”的意思，都用来引导结果状语从句。区别在于such后接名词，而so后是接形容词或副词。如：he is such a clever boy that we all like him. 或he is so clever that we all like him. 他是那么聪明，wǒ men都喜欢他。又如：the milu deer are such lovely animals that people do their best to protect them. 麋鹿是如此可爱的动物，人们尽一切努力来保护它们。 it was such fine weather that he wanted to go out for a walk. 天这么好，他很想出去散散步。
1. how are you getting on with your english lessons? 你的英语课学得怎么样了？
how are you getting on/along ( with your studies / work / business, etc.)?是一个常用的交际用语，用来询问对方的生活情况或健康状况，如：how are you getting on with your studies? 你学习怎样？答语常说：i’m getting on well /nicely /badly. thank you . 又如：at first he didn’t get on so well with his biology experiment. 开始时，他的生物实验进展并不顺利。注：get on with sb. 与某人相处：how are you getting on with your friends? 你同朋友们相处得怎样？
2. often the little words have meanings of their own. 这些小词常常都有自己本身的意思。
词组of one’s own “属于自己的(belonging to oneself and no one else)”，如：he’d like a car of his own. 他喜欢有辆自己的车。do you have a mind of your own? 你自己有主见吗？
3. the woodcutter was standing next to a fallen tree, with lots of small pieces of wood in front of him. 伐木工人正站在一棵倒下的树旁，他的前面有很多小片的木头。
过去分词可作定语，如：fallen leaves 落叶、developed countries 发达国家、boiled water 开水、written exercises 书面作业等。注意介词with的复合结构with + 名词 + 介词短语，在句中作方式状语，如：she returned from shopping, with a new hat on her head. 她买东西回来了，头上带着一顶帽子。the girl stood there with a lot of toys around her. 女孩站在那里，四周都是玩具。
4. when he was still a young man, he was forced to leave his homeland for political reasons. 当他还在青年时代，就由于政治原因被迫离开了祖国。
force是强迫的意思，force作及物动词，常用于 force sb. to do sth.结构，表示“强迫某人干某事”，如：you can’t force others to agree with you. 你不能强迫别人同意你的意见。she was forced to lie to the company in order to get a job. 为了得到工作，她被迫向公司撒了谎。再记几个搭配：force a smile 强作笑言；force the plane down迫降飞机；force one’s way out强行挤出；force sb. into action迫使某人采取行动
5. in fact, his english in one of these articles was so good that engels wrote him a letter and praised him for it. 事实上，其中一篇英语文章写得十分出色，恩格斯为此写信赞扬他。
praise sb. for sth. 表示因… 而表扬某人，如：他们因为提前完成任务而受表扬。they were praised for finishing their task ahead of time.
6. however, he went on to explain that he was not too sure about two things —— the grammar and some of the idioms. 不过，他接着说明他在语法和某些习惯用法这两方面，还是没有多大的把握。
go on to do sth. 意思是:(做完一件事之后)再接着做另一件事（和原来干的事不同），而go on doing sth.是指某事尚未做完，现在继续做下去。如：the students finished reading the text, and then they went on to retell the story. 学生读完课文之后，接着就复述这个故事。he went on reading the text although i told him to stop. 尽管我叫他不要读了，他还是继续读课文。
7. be sure about / of sth. 确信，对…有把握，如：i’m not sure about this exam. 我对这次考试没有把握。we are sure of winning the match this time. wǒ men这次有把握赢得这次比赛。注意sure还有其它一些搭配：i’m sure that i can run faster than you. they were not sure whether they could come or not. are you sure to finish the work in time?
8. in the 1870s, when marx was already in his fifties, he found it important to study the situation in russia. 在19世纪70年代，马克思已经五十几岁了，他觉得研究俄国形势很重要。
某年之后加s，前后加定冠词表示某个世纪的多少年代。如：in the 1990's 在20世纪90年代。in his fifties 是不指明精确岁数的表达方法，意思是“50来岁”，如：an old man in his seventies 一个70来岁的老大爷。注意twenties (20-29), thirties (30-39), forties (40-49) 等可以用来表示 年代或年龄，如：cars of this kind were made in the twenties (in the 20s). 这种小汽车是20年代制造的。he is still in his twenties.他才20几岁。这个句子的结构是：主语+动词+it+形容词/名词+不定式。find 作"发现"、"觉得"解，常跟复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语）。句中的it是形式宾语，本身没有实际意义，而important 是宾语补足语，真正的宾语是不定式短语to do sth.。常用于这种结构的动词还有find, feel, think, consider, make 等。如：we found it necessary to learn to use a computer. wǒ men发现学会电脑很有必要。
9. in one of his books, marx gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language. 马克思在他的一本书里，对如何学习外语提出了一些建议。
they gave a piece of / some advice on/about our work .他们对wǒ men的工作提出了一项/一些建议。we asked for his advice on how to complete the work with less time and fewer people. 对怎样已较少的人与时间去完成这项工作，wǒ men征求了他的意见。
10. he received his doctor's degree in april 1841. 他在1841年4月获博士学位。
掌握degree的用法：①学位he was given a degree in law. 他获得法律学位。②度 water freezes at zero degrees celsius. 水在摄氏零度结冰。③程度 i agree with you to some degree. 我在某种程度上同意你的意见。
11. it closed with words that quickly became famous: "working people of all countries, unite!" 《共产党宣言》的结束语“全世界无产者，联合起来！”很快就变成名言。
词组close with 以…结束，如：a letter often closes with a phrase “best wishes!”. 信函的结尾常常是“祝好！”二字。he closed his speech with “thank you, mr. chairman”. 他说了“谢谢主席先生”以后结束了讲话。注：begin with 以…开始
12. 掌握下列单词的用法：
不可数名词 work 工作：it’s hard work, isn’t it? 可数名词work 作品、著作：a work of art 一件艺术品 the collected works of shakespeare 莎士比亚选集 复数名词 works 工事、工程：public works 公共设施 可数名词 works 工厂：a brick works 砖厂 the steel works are/is closed for the holidays. 这家钢厂假期停工。
动词encourage 鼓励：i was greatly encouraged by his words. 他的话大大鼓舞了我。the teacher encouraged me to learn english. 老师鼓励我学英语。
动词/名词 limit 限制：the boss limited our holidays to two weeks a year. 老板把wǒ men的假期限制在每年两个月。there is a speed limit of 30 m.p.h. in towns. 城区车速限制是没小时30英里。 limited 有限的：i only have a limited knowledge of the language. 我对这门语言了解得有限。
过去完成时
1） 概念：表示过去的过去，其构成是had +过去分词构成。
2） 用法：
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句：she said (that) she had never been to paris.
b. 状语从句，在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时：when the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"：we had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3) 过去完成时的时间状语有before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as： he said that he had learned some english before. by the time he was twelve, edison had began to make a living by himself. tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
典型例题研究：
the students were writing busily when miss brown went to get a book she had left in the office. “把书忘在办公室”发生在“去取书”这一过去的动作之前，因此“忘了书”这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。
the pen i thought i had lost is on my desk, right under my nose. 现在找到了原来以为不见了的钢笔，“刚才以为”用了过去时，在“刚才”以前用过去完成时。
下列情况可用一般过去时代替过去完成时：
1) 两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but, before 等连词时，多用一般过去时。when she saw the mouse, she screamed. my aunt gave me a hat and i lost it.
2 ) 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。 he got up, put on his clothes and went out. when i heard the news, i was very excited.
3) 叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。 our teacher told us that columbus discovered america in 1492.
◇单元学习笔记◇ unit 19 grade 1
1. pick up
they can't pick up the small pieces with their fingers. 他们用手指拿不起小零件。pick up 在这儿是“拿起”的意思： look at these books on the floor! pick them up. 看地板上的这些书！把它们都捡起来。i tried to pick up an american news broadcast. 我想接收美语新闻广播。pick up是“接收”的意思。the bus stopped to pick up the passengers. 公共汽车停下来搭载乘客。这里pick up作“（用车）接人，载客”解。
2. to one’s surprise / to the surprise of …
使……惊奇的是，如：to my surprise, he did not get hurt when he fell from the tree.使我惊奇的是，他从树上跌下来竟没有摔伤。to the surprise of the teacher, he failed in the examination. 使老师惊讶的是，他考试没及格。类似的介词短语还有：to one's delight / to one's joy 使…高兴的是；to one's sorrow 使…悲伤的是
3. call at 访问…地方
he will call at your office tomorrow morning. 他明天上午到你办公室来看你。 the head called at my house last week. 主任上星期到我家来过。对比 call on “拜访…人”：i called on him but he was not in. 我去看他，但他不在家。
4. look down upon / on …
看不起，轻视，如：she looks down on people who’ve never been to university. 她瞧不起没有上过大学的人。he was looked down upon because of his poor family. 他因家穷而被人看不起。
1. it seems that it's more difficult for women to get to the top of a company. 妇女要想得到一个公司的最高职位，似乎更加困难。
it seems + that “似乎”、“好像”。当你对什么事不太肯定，或想使语气变得委婉，常用这个句型，如：it seems that john will win the race. 约翰可能会赢。it seemed that you enjoyed the food very much. 看上去你很喜欢这种食物。it seems that she told a lie in order to get a job with our company. 看来她撒了谎，为了得到wǒ men公司的一份职位。注意两种句型之间的转换：it seems that he knows everything about the computer. he seems to know everything about the computer.
2. but we have never had women working in this part of our company before. 可是，wǒ men以前从未让妇女在公司这个部门工作过。
have + 名词 + doing 表示“让/使某人做某事”的意思。如：i had him waiting at the gate. 我让他一直在门外等候。the teacher soon had us thinking. 区分：have sb. do sth. 是“使某人做某事” 和 have sth. done “请人做某事（自己不去做或无法亲自做）”。如：i'll have him finish my work. 我将让他替我把工作完成。i had my hair cut. 我头发理了。
1. there are women police officers, women doctors, teachers, engineers, farmers and so on. 有女警官、女医生、女教师、女工程师、女农场主等。当wǒ men用man和woman构成的合成名词，变成复数时，里面所含的成分全都要变为复数：man-servant → men-servants, woman doctor → women doctors 但：a girl student → many girl students
2. i'm sure there's nothing that a woman can't do. 没有什么事情妇女干不了的。当先行词是nothing、anything、little、all等不定代词时，关系代词一般用that，如：i said nothing that hurt her. 我没有说过伤她心的话。all that should be done has been done. 所有该干的事都干了。
3. the secret is out! 秘密泄露了！副词out作表语时，有“在外”“显露”等含义：the moon will soon be out. 月亮快出来了。了解：the light is out (熄灭). soon our first game was out (结束). is the result out (发表)? short skirts are out (过时).
4. unless you tell me, i shall not be able to help you. 除非你告诉我，否则我就没法帮助你了。unless是从属连词，引导表示条件的状语从句。它本身有否定的意思，作“除非…,否则…”解，相当于“if…not…”，如：don't come in unless i call. 如果我不叫你，你就不要进来。unless we train harder, we may lose the game. 除非wǒ men加紧训练,否则wǒ men会在比赛中失利。
5. i had to lie to the company and pretend to be a man in order to get a job. 为了得到一份工作，我不得不对公司撒谎，并装扮成一个男人。lie (lied lied lying) “说谎”，对比lie (lay lain lying) “躺下”，如：he lied to his mother yesterday. 昨天他对妈妈撒谎了。he lay on the bed all day, reading. 昨天他躺在床上看了一整天的书。
6. pretend “假装”、“装扮”，后面跟名词、不定式或that从句。he pretended illness. 他假装生病。 he pretended that he had a bad cold. 他假装患了重感冒。she pretended to know nothing about it. 她蓄意假装对此事一概不知。 注意后面动词不定式的多种形式：he pretended to be sleeping when his mother called him. 妈妈叫他的时候，他假装在睡觉。he pretended to have had his lunch. 他假装吃过午饭了。
7. so i cut my hair short…于是，我把头发剪短… 这是复合宾语结构（宾语+宾语补足语），宾语补足语可用形容词，表示动作对宾语所产生的结果，如：he pushed the door open. 他把门推开。they washed their hands clean. 他们把手洗得很干净。 the hunter shot the wolf dead. 猎人把狼击毙了。
8. i don't agree with your decision. 我不同意你的决定。词组agree with 后面可跟人 (agree with sb )，也可跟事，表示同意某个意见(opinion)、想法(idea)、观点(view)、决定(decision)等，如：do you agree with your mother? 你同意你妈妈意见吗？i completely agree with your views on the problem. 我完全同意你对这个问题的看法。“同意某事：还可用agree to，但常是建议(suggestion)、安排(arrangement)、计划(plan)、条件(term)等。
9. that's because we never thought of it! 这是因为wǒ men从未想过此事。think of 想到… when we heard the story, we thought of our childhood. 当wǒ men听到这个故事时，wǒ men想起了童年。he always thinks of others. people think well of him. 他总是为别人着想。人们对他看法很好。
10. there a doctor asked him to remove his trousers so that he could examine his legs. 在医院里，医生要他把裤子脱下来，好让他检查他的腿部。掌握remove的用法：remove one’s hat 脱掉帽子 remove the dishes from the table 收拾碗碟 remove the cover 打开盖子 remove fears from sb’s mind 消除头脑中的恐惧 remove into a new building 搬入新居
11. however, he promised to support her. 然而，他却答应支持她。掌握support 的用法：is this bridge h2 enough to support heavy lorries? （支撑）这座桥禁得住重型卡车通行吗？which football team do you support? （支持）你支持哪个足球队？i was supported by my uncle when i was studying. （赡养）我求学期间由我叔叔供养。
mr king, whose legs were badly hurt, was quickly taken to hospital. 金先生的双腿严重受伤，很快被送进医院。the boss in whose department mr king worked had heard about the accident. 金先生工作的那个部门老板已听说这起事故。
当先性词和从句主语之间是所属关系时，关系词选择whose。这种所属关系不光可以指人与人、人与物之间，还可以指物与物之间。please pass me the book whose cover is red.请递给我红色封面的书。the doctor, with whose help the child was saved, is very kind to her patients. 那位医生对病人很好，就是在她的帮助下，这个孩子才救活过来。
◇单元学习笔记◇
unit 20 grade 1
1. come out
出版、印刷、传开、泄露、开放，如：this magazine comes out once a month. 这本杂志一月出版一次。it soon came out that peter and alice were going to get married. 彼得和爱丽丝要结婚的消息很快就传开了。 spring flowers have come out earlier this spring.今春的花开得更早些。
2. throw away 扔掉
that’s useless; you can throw it away. 那东西没用，你可以扔掉它。 never throw away a chance to improve your english. 别错过任何一个提高英语的机会。
3. at the same time 同时
she was laughing and crying at the same time. 她一面哭一面笑。 at the same time another kind of paper was developed, made from silk. 与此同时，人们研制出另一种用丝制成的纸。don’t all speak at the same time. 大家别同时说。
1. it is believed that before writing was developed, people in china used to keep records by putting a number of stones together. 人们已经确信，在书写技术出现之前，中国人就常把若干石头放在一起记事。
“it is believed + that从句”相当于people believed that，可译为“据信”“有人相信”“人们认为”等。类似的说法还有：it is said that 据说，听说；it is reported that 据报道；有人报道；it is suggested that 有人建议。例如：it is said that he is going abroad next month.据说他下个月要出国。it is known to all that the earth is not flat, but round.大家都知道，地球不是平的，而是圆的。
2. the problem was that it was too valuable for everyday use. 问题是这种丝作为日常之用太贵重了。由连词 that 引导的从句在句中作表语，叫做表语从句。例如：the fact is that i don't know about it at all. 事实是我对此一无所知。the reason why he was late was that he had got to send his mother to hospital. 他迟到的理由是他必须送他妈妈上医院。my idea is that they should keep records of what they have done. 我的想法是他们应把所做的事记载下来。
1. in the beginning they used to carve chinese characters on stones to record important dates in history. 开始时，他们常把汉字刻在石头上，记载历史上重要的日期。词组in the beginning 相当于at first 起初，在开始时：you will find it rather difficult in the beginning. 开头你会觉得有点难。
2. but later, people developed a way of printing, using rocks. 但后来，人们利用石头，研制了一种印刷方法。现在分词短语using rocks在句中作状语，表示方式。这种短语也可作伴随状语。如：he stood at the gate, waiting for his friend from abroad. 他站在大门口，等着他从国外回来的朋友。he often takes exercises in the morning, walking, running and playing basketball.他常在早晨锻炼，散步，跑步，打篮球等。
3. they put a piece of wet paper on top of the characters and beat it lightly. 他们再把一张潮湿的纸放在字的上面，并轻轻地拍打。注意冠词on top of… 和 at the top of …，如：i put your bag on top of mine. 我把你的包放在我的上面。she stood at the top of the mountain. 她站在山顶上。
4. what was the problem with this method? 这种方法有什么毛病吗？注意介词 with：we’ve got a problem with the car — it won’t start! wǒ men的汽车出故障了 — 发动不起来了！
5. after you printed the book, you had to throw away the carved pieces of wood. 你把书印出后，不得不把刻过的一片片木板扔掉。 carved pieces of wood 刻过的木板。carved是过去分词，作定语修饰名词，强调时间上的完成和动作上的被动。如：fallen leaves 落叶(已经在地上)；spoken english 英语口语（被人们说的）；developed country 发达国家
6. paper was one of the most important inventions in the whole of chinese history. 在整个中国历史中，纸是最重要的发明之一。whole 名词“整体、全部”：the different parts were joined to form a whole. we have not heard the whole of the story yet. 形容词“整个的、全部的”：the whole city was destroyed in the earthquake. it rained for three whole days.
7. people in china used to keep records by putting a number of stones together. 介词 by 作“用...方式，凭...手段"解，相当于“by the means of”，后面通常跟名词或动词的-ing形式。例如：all the work had to be done by hand.所有的工作都不得不用手工来完成。they greeted each other by raising their hats. 他们举帽相互致意。she has a good knowledge of english by teaching herself. 她靠自学掌握了英语。
8. this kind of paper was as soft and light as silk but much less expensive. 这种纸像丝一般轻柔，但是又不那么昂贵。在形容词和副词的比较级前可加 much, far, even 等词，以使程度得以加强。例如：food and clothing are now much more expensive. 吃的和穿的现在都贵多了。 this kind of paper is much heavier than that one. 这种纸比那种纸重得多。
9. by the first century the making of paper in some parts of china had been well developed and had become common. 到公元1世纪，中国的一些地区，造纸业已非常发达，这也是很普通的事情。动词develop 意思较多：this city developed out of a fishing village. 这个城市是由渔村发展起来的。plants develop from seeds. 植物由种籽发育而成。the child is developing well. 这孩子发育很好。develop a project 制订计划；develop a film 冲洗胶卷
10. your book on printing hasn’t been included in the list of new books. 你的那本关于印刷的书不包括在新书单中。掌握include的用法：this list includes my name. 名单中有我的名字。i include you among my friends. 我把你做为我的朋友。at least 80 persons were injured, including five policemen. 至少80人受伤，包括5名警察。
11. beat, hit, strike 这三个词都与汉语的“打”有关。 beat 指连续地打： beat the drum 打鼓；beat a boy 打孩子；beat sth flat 把某物锤薄；the rain beat upon the window. 雨打在窗子上。beat 还有“击败”的意思：their team beat ours by a large score. 他们队以悬殊比分战胜wǒ men队。 hit 侧重“击中”，有时可表示“打一下”： the ball hit him in the eye. 球打在他的眼睛上。she hit him out of anger. 她生气打了他一下。 strike 一般用语的“打”，用途很广： we should strike while the iron is hot. wǒ men应该趁热打铁。 the clock struck ten. 钟已打十点。 he struck the table with a ruler angrily. 他生气地用尺拍桌子。
the chinese have been making paper for two thousand years. 中国人造纸已有2000年历史了。
现在完成进行时态，由“have/has been + 现在分词”构成，表示现在以前的这段时间里一直在进行的动作。如：i've been waiting here for about half an hour.我在这儿大概等了半个钟头了。he's been working at that factory since he came to beijing. 他到北京以来，一直在那个工厂工作。what have you been doing all this time? 这半天你干什么的？he is ill. he’s been lying in bed for three weeks. 他病了，他卧床三个星期了。
in this unit i have learned to say in english: i、useful expressions: 压在上面 整个中国历史 出版发行 记载重要历史事件 扔掉垃圾 捆在一起形成书籍 轻轻敲打 了解很多中国情况 树皮 早在10世纪时 引发事故 几百年间的历史ii、sentences: 1. 这听起来不象一个好主意。 2. 这种学习方法有什么问题吗？ 3. 纸是中国历史四大发明之一。 4. 这些塑料制品拿起来很轻。 5. 现在这种技术已经很发达而且也很普遍了。 6. 问题是这种丝作为日常之用太贵重了。 7. 人们相信纸是中国人最早发明的。 8. 过一两天将要发
◇单元学习笔记◇ unit 22 grade 1
1. stand for… 表示；代表；意指
the letters "uk" stand for "the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland." 字母“uk”代表“大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国”。 what dose toefl stand for? toefl是什么意思?
2. pide … into … 把…分成…
the teacher pided our class into several groups. 老师将一个班的学生分成了几个组。be pided into… 被分成…: a year is pided into four seasons. 一年分为四季。during the warring states period, china was pided into many kingdoms. 战国的时候，中国被分成了许多王国。又：pided by : 除以…，如：eight pided by two is four. 八除二等于四。
3. live on … 以…为主食；靠…为生
the people in the north live mainly on corn and wheat 北方人主要以吃玉米和小麦为生。the families live on a small income. 这些家庭靠微薄的收入为生。
4. be made up of … 由…组成
our team is made up of ten people. wǒ men队由十人组成。 the uk is made up of four countries. 联合王国由四个国家组成。主动形式是 make up，如：eleven players make up a football team.
5. be fond of … 喜爱
my sister is fond of sweets. 我妹妹喜欢吃糖果。is he fond of collecting stamps? 他喜欢集邮吗？改错：my fond sport is basketball. （fond 不可作定语，应用favorite）
6. die of … 死于…
指由于疾病、饥饿、年老、或感情等原因导致的死亡，如：he died of old age. 他寿终正寝。tens of thousands of people died of hunger. 成千上万的人死于饥饿。die from 一般指因疾病或感情以外的原因引起的死亡。he died from a car accident. 他死于车祸。
7. go bad 变质（一般指食物而言）
eggs and milk soon go bad in summer. 夏天，鸡蛋、牛奶坏得很快。go用作系动词可以和其他动词连在一起，表示主语由一种状态向另一种状态转变而这种转变通常是由好的变成坏的，由正常情况变成特殊情况。如：go blind 变瞎；go mad 发疯；go sick 恶心；go hungry 挨饿；something goes wrong with my watch . 我的表坏了。
8. keep in touch with … 和…保持联系（状态）
how do you keep in touch with your friend? 你是如何和你的朋友保持联系的？i've kept in touch with mike for over ten years. 我和迈克保持联系10多年了。表示动作用get in touch with，如：i got in touch with the friend in the middle school as soon as i came back. 我一回来，就跟中学的朋友取得了联系。
9. lead/live a … life 过...的生活
people living in city lead a busy life. 住在城市里的人们过着忙碌的生活. they led a simple life in the countryside. 他们在乡村过着一种宁静的生活。
10. play a part in … 在...方面起作用
computers play an important part in our life.电脑在wǒ men的生活中起着重要的作用。li dong played an active part in that football match.李东在那场足球赛中起了积极的作用。
11. all sorts of … 各种各样的…
she can make all sorts of toys for kids. 她能做各种各样的儿童玩具。the seas around ireland were full of all sorts of fish. 环绕爱尔兰的大海，鱼类丰富，品种繁多。
1. generally, the weather in britain is neither too cold in winter nor too hot in summer. 一般来说，不列颠的天气，冬季既不太冷，夏季也不太热。
neither…nor…是一个连词词组，用来连接两个相同的成分，表示“两者都不”的意思。如： they neither smoke nor drink.他们既不抽烟也不喝酒。如果连接的是两个并列主语时，谓语动词必须要和后面的主语一致，如：neither you nor she is wrong. 你和她都没错。neither you nor i was in yesterday. 你和我昨天都不在家。
2．the larger of the two islands is britain. 两个岛屿中较大的一个是不列颠。
表示两者间较…时,常用“the + 比较级+ of the two”来表示,如：tom is the shorter of the twins. tom是这对双胞胎中较矮的那个。 which is the more interesting of the two novels? 这两本小说哪本更有趣些？
1. i'm puzzled! 我给弄糊涂了！
puzzle vt. 使…迷惑不解: this problem puzzled me very much 这道题真让人不知道该怎么办才好。puzzled & puzzling 分词结构常作形容词用。通常指人时，用过去分词形式；而指物，表示“令人困惑的…”时，用的是现在分词形式。如：i was puzzled by the puzzling question. 我被这令人困惑的问题弄得十分困惑。
2. the larger of the two islands is britain, which lies to the east of ireland. 两个岛屿中较大的一个是不列颠，它位于爱尔兰的东面。
英语中表示方位的介词总共有三个：in; on；to。当wǒ men强调两地的接壤时，wǒ men用介词"on"。如：korea is on the east of china. 朝鲜接邻于我国的东部。guangdong lies on the south of hunan. 广东接邻于湖南以南。（因为广东是紧挨湖南省的，所以wǒ men还是用介词 "on"）介词 to 表示范围之外，不强调接壤，如：guangdong lies to the south of hunan. 广东位于湖北以南。(因为它中间隔着湖南，只是说明一个方向问题)。介词 in 表示范围之内：france lies in western europe. 法国位于西欧。
3. scotland has many lakes and mountains, and is famous for its beautiful countryside. 苏格兰湖泊和山脉众多，以美丽的乡村而闻名。be famous for 著名的/有名的，如：china is famous for its long history. 中国以历史悠久而闻名。注意对比： mr. wang is famous as a chinese teacher in our city. 王老师作为语文老师在wǒ men市很有名。
4. there used to be a lot of coal mines in the south, but many of them have been closed, or are about to be closed. 南部过去曾有许多煤矿。但是其中许多已被关闭或者将要关闭。
“be about to ...”是一种将来时的表达方法。如：i was about to go to bed when the telephone rang. 我正要睡觉，电话铃响了。注意：be about to 这个句型是不与表示将来的时间状语连用的。如果你要表达“还有十分钟我就要出门。”就该用be going to 表达：i am going to go out in 10 minutes.
5. london lies on the river thames and has a population of seven million. 伦敦毗邻泰晤士河，有700万人口。
介词on有“位于…河畔”的意思。如：jingjiang lies on the yangtze river. 靖江位于长江之滨。my hometown lies on the shanghai-nanjing railway. 我家乡位于沪宁铁路线旁。
6. in the north, northern ireland, with its capital belfast, is part of the united kingdom. 北部的北爱尔兰是联合王国的一部分，其首府为贝尔法斯特。对比下一句中的with结构：the southern part of the island is a separate country, called the republic of ireland with dublin as its capital. 该岛的南部是个独立的国家，叫爱尔兰共和国，以都柏林为其首都。又如：她有一只小狗，名字叫timmy。she has a little dog, with its name timmy. she has a little dog, with timmy as its name.
7. snow falls in scotland every winter. falls of snow in ireland are most unusual. 苏格兰每年冬天都下雪。爱尔兰下雪极为罕见。
注意fall的词性：prices are falling. 价格在下跌。there was a fall in the price of vegetables last week. 蔬菜的价格上周跌了。
8. around 1850, a terrible disease hit the potato crop, and potatoes went bad in the soil. 大约1850年，一场可怕的病害袭击了马铃薯，因而马铃薯在地里变坏了。成千上万的人死于饥饿。
掌握这里hit的用法：“袭击；遭受”，如：a powerful earthquake hit the city. 一次强烈地震袭击了这个城市。the area was often hit by flood. 这地区经常遭受水灾。
9. although many families became separated, people still kept in touch with each other. 虽然许多家庭妻离子散了，但是人们仍然互相保持联系。
掌握separate的用法：①形容词“各自的、分开的”，如：the children sleep in separate beds. 孩子们都睡在各自的床上。this word has three separate meanings. 这个单词有三种不同的意思。②动词，表示分割开来，通常后面会跟上"from"：he separated the big eggs from the small ones.他把大蛋和小蛋区分开来。this patient should be separated from the others. 这个病人应该隔离。注意：separate 侧重指把原来连在一起或靠近的人或物分开，pide" 侧重于把一整体分成若干部分。
10. most irish people go to church every sunday and the church plays an important part in people's lives. 大多数爱尔兰人每个星期天都去做礼拜。教堂在人们的生活中起到重要的作用。go to church 的意思是“做礼拜”。
11. they also get together to read their own poems to each other. 他们还聚在一起，互相朗诵自己写的诗歌。词组get together 聚首、欢聚：let’s get together for lunch next sunday. wǒ men下周聚会吃顿午餐吧。又：we had a little get-together to celebrate his birthday. wǒ men为庆祝他的生日开了一个小型联欢会。
◇单元学习笔记◇ unit 24 grade 1
1. be busy with 忙于…
mother is always busy with her housework。母亲通常都是忙着做家务活。we are always busy with preparation for the exams.wǒ men总是忙于准备考试。busy 也常用于 be busy doing sth结构，有“忙于干某事”的意思。如：mike has no time to play football now because he is busy doing his homework. 麦克现在没有时间踢足球，因为他正忙于做家庭作业。
2. knock … out of 从...中敲出…
the sudden blow knocked two teeth out of his mouth. 这突然的一击把两颗牙从他嘴里打出来了。the diamond was knocked out of the ring when i dropped it. 我摔掉戒指的时候，钻石被敲出来了。注意knock的其它搭配：knock at/on 敲、打：please knock at/on the door before entering. 进门之前请先敲敲门。knock over 撞翻：don't knock over the bowl of water. 别把那碗水打翻了。knock down 撞倒：the cow knocked down a small tree and ate the leaves. 那头牛把一棵小树撞倒了，把树叶吃了。knock against 撞击：the child knocked his head against the wall. 那小孩把头撞在墙上了。
3. point out 指出
would you mind if i point out the mistake to you now ? 你介不介意我现在给你指出个错误？注意point的其它搭配： point to 指： both the hour hand and the minute hand pointed to 12 then .那时，时针和分针都指向12点。point at 指着：she pointed at him and said, "he is the thief!" 她指着他说道:“他是小偷!” the soldier pointed his gun at the thief. 这士兵用枪指着小偷。
4. turn over 翻转；把…倒过来
when the telephone rang, he just turned over and went to sleep again. 电话铃响的时候，他只是翻了个身又睡着了。the oil lamp was turned over and a fire started. 油灯的打翻了，火着了起来。注意turn的其它搭配：turn on/off 表示开关电灯、收音机等。turn out 同样是关掉、熄灭的意思，如：please turn out the gas when you finish cooking.做好饭后请把煤气关掉。turn to 翻到/转到：please turn to page 25. turn left / turn right 向左/向右转
5. go against 违反、反对、不利于
the case may go against you. 这个案子可能会对你不利。she went against her mother's wishes. 她违背了她母亲的意愿。
6. agree to do sth. 同意做某事
he agreed to let me go home early. 他同意让我早回家。注意：不可说agree sb to do sth：错the teacher agreed me to take part in the game. 应说：the teacher allowed me to take part in the game.
7. give a talk 做报告
she gave a talk on her visit to china. 她就访华情况发表了讲话。注意：have a talk 听报告：we’ll have a talk this afternoon. wǒ men今天下午要听报告。又：i had a long talk with the headmaster about this matter. 关于这件事我与校长谈了很长时间。
8. now and then 有时；不时地
he looked at his notebook now and then when he gave the talk. 他作报告时不时地看他的笔记本。英语还有every now and then、a little now and a little then: his family was so poor that he could go to school only a little now and a little then. 他家里很穷，他只能是断断续续地上了几年学。
9. year after year 年复一年
常表示每年重复。如：year after year we have had a christmas card from dick. wǒ men年年都收到迪克寄来的圣诞卡。year by year 的重点在于强调一年一年地、逐年的，常表示逐年的变化。the boy grows taller year by year. 这男孩长得一年比一年高(强调逐年在变)。类似的表达方法还有week after week一星期又一星期；time after time 一次又一次; bus after bus 一辆又一辆的公共汽车。
1. while people in other countries in the world were trying to catch wild animals and birds and were still collecting seeds and nuts, farmers in china were developing the science of agriculture. 当别的国家的人们还在努力捕猎禽兽、采集果实时，中国的农民就已经在从事农业研究了。
了解引导时间从句的三个引导词 when, while, as 的区别: while 的含义是during the time that 表示时间段或过程，强调主句与从句的行为或状态同时发生或存在，从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的。如：while i was reading, the telephone rang. 我正看书时电话响了。when 的含义是at or during that time, 既可以用于指时间一点(从句谓语需用终止性动词),也可用于指时间段(从句谓语需用延续性动词)。如：when the firefighters arrived, we had already put out the big fire. 当救火队员到来时，wǒ men已经把大火扑灭了(前后两个动作不同时发生)。when i woke up, mum was preparing breakfast. 当我醒来时，妈妈正在准备早餐。as 侧重的是主句和从句中的行为同时发生，通常译为“随着...”或“一边...一边...”。如: as you grow, you know more and more. 随着年龄的增长，你的知识越来越丰富。
2. he advised farmers to choose the best seed-heads, the ones that had the best colour. 他建议农民挑选最好的谷穗，即那些颜色最好的谷穗。
the ones在本句中是同位语，后接定语从句。如：he offered me some books, the ones that are both interesting and instructive. 他提供给我一些书籍，既有趣又有教育意义。my mother advises me to make good friends, the ones that can help each other. 我母亲建议我交好朋友，也就是能互相帮助的朋友。
1. what's the weather going to be like at the weekend? 周末的天气怎样？问天气也可用how is the weather going to be?
2. then he returned home and spent his time on research into agriculture. 然后他回到家乡，把时间用在农业研究上。research into对……进行研究：the doctor carried out a research into healthy food. 这位大夫对健康食品进行了研究。
3. he collected information, studied it, did experiments and learnt from the experiences of farmers. 他收集、研究资料，进行实验，并学习农民的经验。experience 有两个意思：①经历(可数)：he told us about his experiences in africa. 他给wǒ men讲述了他在非洲的经历。②经验(通常不可数)：have you got much experience in/of teaching? 你教学经验丰富吗？
4. then he said that they should be hung up to dry. 他说这些谷穗应挂起来晾干。掌握hang的用法：①悬挂(hung; hung): she hung her wet clothes out on the line. 她把湿衣服晾在绳子上。the trees were thickly hung with fruit. 树上果实累累。②吊死(hanged; hanged): he was hanged for murder. 他因谋杀而被绞死。
5. in the following spring, the seeds should be knocked out of the seed-heads and sown. 第二年春天，种子应该从谷穗上敲打下来，然后播种。形容词following 紧接着、下一个: it rained on the day we arrived, but the following day was sunny. wǒ men到达的那天正下雨，但次日天气晴朗。
6. he studied how to improve soil conditions. 他还研究了怎样改造土壤状况。condition 作单数的时候，表示人或物所处的具体状态，这时候它的意义相当于"state".如：the doctor said that the patient was in good condition. 医生说病人状况不错。用作复数时，指一般情况，偏重于环境。如：they were interested in living conditions in canada. 他们对加拿大的居住环境感兴趣。
7. here are five pieces of advice collected from jia sixie's book qi min yao shu: 这是从贾思勰的《齐民要术》一书收集到的五条建议：这是倒装句。又：here are some examples. 这里有一些例子。here’s your watch. 这是你的手表。但主语是代词不倒装：here they are. 再提醒：不能说advices或an advice，应说 some advice 或 a piece of advice。
8. but if you plant rice in a field one year and wheat in the field the next year, you will harvest good crops. 但如果你头一年在这块地里种水稻，第二年则在这块地里种小麦，就会获得好收成。掌握harvest的用法：①名词：gather in the harvest of corn 收获玉米；have another good harvest 又有一个好收成 ②动词：the farmers are out harvesting the corn. 农民们在外收割庄稼。
◇单元学习笔记◇ unit 26 grade 1
1. turn down 关小、调低
the radio is too noisy. please turn it down. 收音机声音太响了，请把它调小一点。the theatre lights were turned down. 剧场的灯光变暗了。
2. ring off 挂断电话、停止讲话
i’ll have to ring off now; i have a train to catch. 我得挂断电话了，我要赶火车。he rang off before i could explain. 我还没来得及解释，他就把电话挂上了。
3. call sb back 回电话
can you ask him to call me back? 你能请他给我回个电话吗？有关接电话的用语如下: 如果接电话的不是你要找的人，可以说：would you please call sb. to the phone? 能叫某人接电话吗？hold on a second! 别挂断电话! i’ll answer the phone. 我来接电话。xiao wang, you are wanted on the telephone. 小王，有你电话。找不到要找的人，需要叫接电话的人转告他回个电话给你：would you please tell him to call me back ?
4. come to 达到（某数量）、共计
the food i bought come to 50 yuan. 我买的食物共计为50元。the books i bought came to one hundred. 我买的书共计达到了100本。 the total cost of repairs comes to 650 yuan. 修理费总计650元。
5. for free 免费
for nothing 或 without payment: i got the ticket for free. 我这张票没花钱。free 免费: we received a free ticket for the theatre. wǒ men收到免费戏票。children under five usually travel free on trains. 五岁以下儿童乘火车通常免费。
6. leave school 毕业、退学、放学回家
is susan still at school, or has she left school? 苏珊是在读书还是已经毕业了呢？the child left school for the lack of money. 这个小孩因为缺钱中途退学了。school 前若加定冠词，则不含“毕业”之意。he leaves the school and goes back home.
7. start doing sth 开始做某事
it started raining (to rain). 天开始下雨了。let’s start tidying up the room right now. wǒ men现在立即开始收拾屋子吧。
1. this time he has more difficulty in getting through. 这次电话比较难打通。
have difficulty in doing something有困难做某事: some students have a lot of difficulty (in) doing math problems. 一些学生做数学题有很大困难。do you have any difficulty in supporting such a large family? 你供养如此大的家庭有困难吗？
2. it'll be the biggest live concert the world has ever seen. 这将是世界上从未有过的最大的现场音乐会。
句型the + 最高级 + 名词 + that 定语从句: this is the most wonderful film that i have ever seen. 这是我有史以来看过的最精彩的电影。注意从句中的时态：he is one of the best men (that) i have ever met. 他是我碰到的最好的人之一。
1. he is ringing up some pop stars; he wants them to play in a concert. 他正在给一些流行歌星打电话，想请他们在一个音乐会上演出。play 在此处表示“演奏、演唱”。可是及物动词，也可是不及物动词。如：she played the pipa quite successfully. 她的琵琶弹得非常成功。she went on playing the music of beethoven. 她继续弹奏贝多芬的曲子。词组 play with 表示“玩…”, 如：ask the children not to play with fire. it's very dangerous. 叫孩子们不要玩火，那非常危险。
2. it'll be the biggest live concert the world has ever seen. 这将是全世界人从未看过的最大的现场音乐会。the world 指全世界的人。它作主语的时候, 谓语动词常用单数，很少用复数。如：the whole world is waiting for the results of the talks. 全世界的人都在等侯会谈结果。it's a simple fact; the whole world knows it. 这事很简单，全世界的人都知道。
3. his greatest success has not been in singing but in organizing other singers to sing for him for free! 他的最大成功不在演唱，而在于组织其他的歌唱家为他演唱，而且是免费演唱。not…but 是一个连词词组，作“不是..而是”解释，连接两个并列的成分，表示意思上的转折。如：he is not english but american. 他不是英国人，而是美国人。they need not money but hi-tech. 他们需要的不是钱，而是高科技。the servant can't read and write in english, but can speak english fluently. 这个仆人不能读英语和写英语，但能流利地说英语。not the students but the teacher is hoping to go there.不是学生，而是老师想去那儿。注意："not ...but" 连接两个主语时，谓语动词要与紧靠它的主语在人称和数上一致。试比较：not the teacher but the students are hoping to go there. 不是老师而是学生们想去那儿。
4. he left school and worked first in a food factory and later as a worker building roads. 中学毕业后，他先在一家食品厂工作，后来当了一名筑路工人。work as … 当…: his father works as a truck driver. 他父亲当卡车司机。she worked as a nurse and had a large family to support. 他当护士，要养活一大家人。
5. from 1979 to 1982 they were the top group in britain, but in 1982 the group stopped playing together. 从1979年到1982年，他们的乐队是英国最好的乐队，但是1982 年这个乐队就停止在一起演出了。stop doing sth. 是从那时起停止做某事; stop to do sth.是停止正在做的事情而去做其他的事情。如：we all stopped talking! wǒ men都停止了讲话。she stopped to enjoy the view. 她停下来欣赏风景。
6. if they managed to sell lots of copies, then the money from the record sales could be spent on food and other things for africa. 假如他们设法销售大量的唱片，那么，销售唱片得来的钱就可以用来为非洲购买食品和其他物品了。manage是及物动词，后面多跟不定式作宾语 : manage to do sth “设法完成某件困难的事”。如: it's heavy, but i can manage to carry it. 东西很重，不过我可以设法把它搬走。注意：manage to do sth.的意思和try to do sth.相似，但千万不要把他们弄混淆了：try to do sth.是设法去做，但不提及成功与否。而且去做的事情不一定都是困难的。manage to do sth. 有两层意思，第一是完成的事是困难的事情，第二设法去做的结果是完成了。如：he tried to pass the message to his boss, but he failed. 他设法将消息传给他的老板，但是没有传到。he managed to pass the message to his boss. 他设法把消息传给他的老板。
7. bob made sure that the record was played many times on the radio. 鲍勃努力通过无线电广播把这碟唱片播放了多次。make sure 弄肯定、设法做到: i will make sure that he arrives there safely. 我一定设法使他安全到达那儿。please make sure that the facts are right. 请注意把事实弄清楚。
8. he wanted to see for himself what the problems were. 他要亲自看看是什么问题。see … for oneself 亲眼看看。如：if you don't believe it's snowing, come here and see for yourself. 你要是不相信这儿在下雪，你来这儿亲眼看一看。see for oneself还能表达“亲身体验”之意。如：this is a very good method to lose weight. try it and see for yourself.这是减肥的好方法，试试看，亲身体验一下吧。
9. he soon realized that hunger was only one of the problems in the african countries which he visited. 他很快认识到饥饿仅仅是他所走访的非洲国家的问题之一。掌握realise/realize的用法：⑴认识到；了解: he realizes his mistake. 他认识到他的错误。she realized that he had been lying. 她明白了他一直在说谎。⑵实现: he realized his hopes. 他实现了自己的希望。
10. he also persuaded other people to provide money or to give help. 他还说服其他人提供资金或给予帮助。persuade 说服、劝服。如：do you think you can persuade me? 你以为你能说服我吗？persuade sb to do sth.说服某人去做某事，如：i persuaded my mother to let me join the army. 我说服妈妈让我参军。还可以说：persuade sb into doing sth. 英语中还有一个表示劝说、劝告的单词advice，两者的区别如下：persuade 强调劝告的效果已经达到；advice 不涉及劝说的效果,有可能劝而不服。如: i persuaded my friend to see a doctor. 我说服朋友去看医生。i advised my friend to see a doctor, but he refused. 我劝我的朋友去看医生，但他拒绝前去。注意persuade somebody to do something在做谓语的时候，一般表示劝说成功。
11. by the end of the year, the total money collected had come to over 92 million dollars, all of which were sent to africa. 到这年底，全部所得总计达到9200多万美元，所有这些钱都被寄往非洲。掌握total的用法：⑴adj. 全部的；完全的(通常作定语): the total number of tractors produced this month comes to 17,000. 本月生产的拖拉机总数打一万七千辆。 ⑵n. 总数: what does the total come to? 总数是多少？that will cost you $70.5 in total. 你总共要花70.5元。⑶v. 合计: your debts totalled one thousands pounds. 你的债务总计1000英镑。
12. live ,alive 和living 都是形容词，且具有共同的词义“活着的”，但用法不尽相同。三者的区别如下：live 在此作形容词，表示“现场播出”,读音作[laiv]。如：there will be a live tv broadcast of football match between china and us.
